6 The inflammatory phase starts within minutes after the skin injury has occurred, simultaneously with hemostasis. The first inflammatory response is performed by leukocytes, specifically neutrophils, which migrate through the endothelium of the local blood vessels to the wound. The later response is carried out by monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages in the tissues after entering by a mechanism similar to that of the neutrophils. These macrophages in their turn secrete

cytokines and in this way initiate an inflammatory response, which results in more cells of the immune system at the place of infection.4 MK-2206 molecular weight The next 4 to 15 days are the proliferation phase, which includes the initial repair mechanisms of both the epidermis and the dermal layers of the skin. By the coordinated infiltration of fibroblasts, macrophages, and vascular tissue into the wound, a new dermal compound is

developed named granulation tissue. This development is performed by the ingrowth of capillaries and lymphatic vessels into the NVP-BKM120 purchase wound and by the fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which form collagen, responsible for the strength and form of the skin. Concurrently, keratinocytes migrate at the border of the wound over the granulation tissue in a process called reepithelialization. In this way the new outer layer of epidermis is differentiated. 3 and 7 The last phase, the maturation phase, takes place when the wound is already healed and involves the further remodulation of the Calpain granulation tissue by its constituent cells. Synthesis of structural proteins, like collagen, continues for 6 to 12 months. 7 A crucial process during the early stage of wound healing, reepithelialization, occurs, not only by the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermal layer of the skin from the wound edge, but also by differentiation of stem cells residing in the bulge of the hair follicle. 8 The vital goal for wound healing is rapid recovery with little scarring and maximal

function. Rapid reepithelialization provides a more favorable environment, such as a scaffold of cells and various growth factors, which is essential in wound treatment. Wound contraction is another important process additional to reepithelialization in the early phase of wound healing. It minimizes the open area by pulling the neighboring tissue toward the wound center. In wound contraction, myofibrobalsts generate alpha smooth muscle actin, which plays a significant role. Myofibroblasts differentiated from fibroblasts produce the contractile force through which the wound area contracts during wound healing. 9 and 10 This progression occurs more rapidly than reepithelialization because no cell proliferation is involved.