05). Compared with the normal control group, the

protein expression of ES were significantly upregulated in the uraemic predialysis and PD group (all (P < 0.05), but the mRNA expression of ES did not have obvious differences in the uraemic predialysis and PD group as compared to the normal control group (P > 0.05). MVD of peritoneal tissue were increased in the uraemic predialysis selleck compound and PD group compared with the normal group (all P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between VEGF mRNA expression and MVD, bFGF mRNA expression and MVD. Conclusion:  The mRNA expression of VEGF and bFGF, the protein expression of VEGF, bFGF, and ES and microvessel density (MVD) are increased both in the uraemic predialysis and PD patients. These results show that uraemia circumstances and non-physiological compatibility of peritoneal dialysis solution might increase VEGF, bFGF and ES expression and MVD, which might participate in the increment of the peritoneum neoangiogensis and ultrafiltration failure in PD patients. "
“Date draft complete: June 2008 Final submission: click here June 2009 No recommendations possible based on Level I or II evidence. (Suggestions are based on Level III and IV evidence) In the first 4 weeks after transplant, a diet providing at least 1.4 g protein/kg

body weight may reverse negative nitrogen balance and lead to increased muscle mass in kidney transplant recipients. (Level III) Kidney transplant recipients require high dose glucocorticoids in the early post-transplant period. Such high doses old are associated with a higher protein catabolic rate and greater risk of a state of negative nitrogen balance. Unless protein intake is increased to match protein catabolism, poor wound healing, muscle mass loss and other morbidities may result.2 Chronic renal insufficiency in kidney transplant recipients is caused by chronic graft rejection, recurrence of the original renal disease or chronic cyclosporine toxicity.3 In non-transplant

patients with chronic kidney disease, low protein diets have been shown to be effective in delaying end-stage kidney disease.4 This review set out to determine how much dietary protein is required by adult kidney transplant recipients to maintain lean body mass and achieve neutral or positive nitrogen balance; and to determine what level of protein intake might effectively and safely reverse or decelerate the progression of kidney disease with chronic renal insufficiency. Relevant reviews and studies were obtained from the sources below and reference lists of nephrology textbooks, review articles and relevant trials were also used to locate studies. Searches were limited to human studies on adult transplant recipients and to studies published in English.