A nasolabial cyst is described including its features on CT and MRI exams. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e92-e94)”
“A novel rotation extrusion processing system was self-designed to prepare high-performance polyethylene (PE) pipes. In this Screening Library price study, during the extrusion of the PE pipes at a high mandrel rotation speed, compressed air, as a cooling medium, was introduced through their interior to achieve the quick cooling of the inner wall and the effects of the inner wall cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained PE pipes were investigated. The experimental results showed that in contrast to conventional extrusion,

the molecular orientation deviated from the axial direction under a high mandrel www.selleckchem.com/products/bix-01294.html rotation speed and was fixed by the inner wall cooling; with increasing cooling rate, the orientation degree also increased. On the other hand, cooling promoted the augmentation of spherulites. So when the cooling rate reached a certain high point, the effect of cooling on the formation of spherulites was stronger than that on the fixation of the orientation. A much higher cooling rate decreased the orientation degree, which was closely related to

the performance of the PE pipe. As a result, there was an optimal cooling rate of the inner wall during the rotation extrusion for better performance of the PE pipe. When the cooling rate was 1.5 degrees C/s, the hoop strength of the PE pipe produced by the novel extrusion method increased from the original 24.1 MPa up to 37.1 MPa without a decrease in the axial strength, and the pipe’s crack initiation time increased from 27 to 70 h. VC 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci

119: 1659-1666, 2011″
“Study VX-680 clinical trial Design. Case report and review of the literature.

Objective. To report on 2 rare cases of association of diastematomyelia with dysembryogenetic tumors and revision of the literature.

Summary of Background Data. Diastematomyelia is an occult spinal diastrophism pathologically characterized by a clefting of the spinal cord with/without its overlying structures. It is often associated with vertebral bony abnormalities, cutaneous lesions, myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, hydromyelia, Chiari syndrome or Klippel-Feil syndrome. The association of diastematomyelia with dysembryogenetic spinal tumors in adults is extremely rare. Only 13 cases were detected in a literature review since 1951. We report on our experience with 2 new cases.

Methods. An 87-year-old man and a 38-year-old woman presented to our department with incomplete cauda equina syndrome. Both patients underwent complete preoperative imaging. Complete surgical removal of the tumor was performed. Details of these were compared with the ones encountered in literature.

Results.

Development of shoulder stiffness during follow-up was significantly negatively correlated with a change in the cross-sectional area of the deep extensor muscles.”
“The global food system could be defined as the activities involved in producing, processing and distributing food to feed the world; it links national and local food systems on a global scale through trade, technology, knowledge sharing, and labor and capital exchange. For over 10 000 years, it has evolved from the primitive utilization of vegetative plants and livestock domestication to the large scale, precision farming operations of industrialized agriculture

currently in operation. Although important innovations have scaled this system to cover an exponentially increasing

population BVD-523 in vivo and to reduce hunger and malnutrition, participation in, access to, and benefits of today’s global food system remain elusive to the 80% of the world earning <$10 per day. It is indeed shocking to consider that over one billion people are food-insecure and will go to bed hungry every night in 2011. This is equivalent to the population of the United States, the European Union, and Canada combined.

Despite increasing yields, the global food system has failed to make the world food secure, a state characterized by food availability, food accessibility, I-BET-762 molecular weight food utilization, and food stability. The United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization and other groups that track the points along the food value chain, note that we produce enough food on a global level to

feed everyone; the failure lies in access and distribution. All CH5183284 lives should have equal value and in some manner, we should all feel accountable to rectify this tragic inequity amongst humanity.

Understanding the global food system, how to improve upon it, and how best to prepare the human resource capacity to provide services within it, will require a background review of some of the key drivers for change.”
“Background and Objectives Red cell antibodies may complicate blood provision and liver transplantation outcome. The aim of this survey was to document red cell antibodies in adults undergoing liver transplantation and make recommendations for clinical practice.

Materials and Methods We completed a 10-year retrospective review of adults undergoing liver transplant, in a single UK centre using 4- to 6-weekly red cell antibody screening.

Results Seven hundred and thirty seven patients were reviewed: 58 (7 center dot 9%) had antibodies. In 50 (6 center dot 8%) patients, the antibodies were clinically significant, and the commonest were Rhesus (49 center dot 5%) and Kell (11%). 33 patients had a single antibody, and the rest had multiple antibodies (range 2-5). Two-thirds of patients (38) had antibodies at presentation; 22% of these developed additional antibodies while on the waiting list or postoperatively.

The results stress the importance of self-consistent solutions of phonon heat transport and the

resulting lattice temperature distribution in understanding the thermoelectric properties of a composite structure. It is also clarified that the measured S of a composite structure reflects its power generation performance rather than its cooling performance. The results suggest that the lattice thermal conductivity within the composite structure might be engineered to improve the power factor over the bulk selleck products by avoiding the conventional trade-off between S and the electrical conductivity. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3619855]“
“Purpose: To intraindividually compare 0.1 mmol/kg doses of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine for contrast

material-enhanced breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by using a prospective, multicenter double-blind, randomized protocol.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were obtained. One hundred sixty-two women (mean age, 52.8 years +/- 12.3 [standard deviation]) enrolled at 17 sites in Europe and China between July 2007 and May 2009 underwent at least one breast MR imaging examination at 1.5 T by using three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo sequences. selleck Of these, 151 women received both contrast agents in randomized order in otherwise identical examinations separated by more than 2 but less than 7 days. Images, acquired at 2-minute or shorter intervals after contrast agent injection, were evaluated independently by three blinded radiologists unaffiliated with enrollment centers. Histopathologic confirmation was available for all malignant lesions (n = 144), while benign lesions were confirmed either by using histopathologic examination (n = 52) or by at least 12-month diagnostic follow-up (n = 20) with mammography and/or ultrasonography. Determinations of malignant lesion detection rates and HIF-1 pathway diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value [PPV], and negative predictive

value [NPV]) were performed and compared (McNemar and Wald tests). A full safety assessment was performed.

Results: Significant superiority for gadobenate dimeglumine was noted by readers 1, 2, and 3 for malignant lesion detection rate (91.7%, 93.1%, 94.4% vs 79.9%, 80.6%, 83.3%, respectively; P <= .0003). Readers 1, 2, and 3 reported significantly superior diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) for breast cancer detection with gadobenate dimeglumine (91.1%, 94.5%, 95.2% vs 81.2%, 82.6%, 84.6%; 99.0%, 98.2%, 96.9% vs 97.8%, 96.9%, 93.8%; 98.2%, 97.8%, 96.7% vs 96.1%, 95.4%, 92.8%, respectively; P <= .0094) and significantly superior PPV (91.1%, 85.2%, 77.2% vs 80.7%, 75.5%, 60.9%, respectively; P <= .0002) and NPV (99.0%, 99.4%, 99.4% vs 97.8%, 98.0%, 98.1%, respectively; P <= .0003). No safety concerns were noted with either agent.

Broadening the cancer and cognition landscape: the role of self-regulatory challenges Copyright

(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the operating efficiency and technical accuracy of 3 different rectangular collimators.

Study design. A full-mouth intraoral radiographic series excluding central incisor views were taken on training manikins by 2 groups of undergraduate dental and dental hygiene students. Three types of rectangular collimator were used: Type I (“”free-hand”"), Type II (mechanical interlocking), Selleckchem P005091 and Type III (magnetic collimator). Eighteen students exposed one side of the manikin with a Type I collimator and the other side with a Type II. Another 15 students exposed the manikin with Type I and Type III respectively. Type I is currently used for teaching and patient care at our institution and was considered as the control to which both Types II and III were compared. The time necessary to perform the procedure, subjective user friendliness, and the number of technique errors (placement, projection, and cone cut errors) were assessed. The Student t test or signed rank test was used to determine statistical difference (P <= .05).

Results. Compared with Type I, Type II collimation was more efficient and user friendly,

but generated a greater number of placement errors. Type III collimation was also more user friendly, but generated more cone cut errors.

Conclusion. Further optimization of these collimators is expected to improve operator/clinician performance and utility. (Oral Doramapimod mouse Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: e22-e28)”
“MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. Although the first study was published about 15 years ago, knowledge about their role in regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immunity has

been greatly advanced recently. Their association with formation, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of tumors has become one of the core issues in epigenetics of cancer. Here, we summarize the latest findings concerning microRNAs involved in different signal pathways leading to colorectal cancer, introduce some new Ulixertinib inhibitor potential microRNAs as biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis, and analyze its application in the treatment of cancer.”
“Even in the era of pharmacological calcineurin inhibitors, a current major challenge in organ transplantation remains the development of immunosuppressive regimens that protect against rejection. One potentially effective procedure is the use of donor-specific anergic T cells generated ex vivo and adoptively transferred back into the recipient after transplantation. In our own work, we first investigated the effect of anergic cells on the prolongation of graft survival in non-human primates.

Results: The PRISE internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.87.

Split-half reliability indexes were lambda(4) = 0.89 and lambda(6) = 0.89. Corrected Elafibranor molecular weight item-total correlation coefficients were significant for all items. The correlation of PRISE with a modified Infant Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), collected for convergent validity measurement purposes, was good (r = 0.743). A positive correlation of PRISE scores with age was found, reflecting on the age-dependence of pre-verbal skills.

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate high reliability and convergent validity of the Italian PRISE version. This questionnaire constitutes a robust tool for assessing early language development in infants and toddlers with normal hearing. It seems particularly sensitive

to the normal language development in the first years of life, which can be very useful for early rehabilitation of hearing loss. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“From the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of Salvia xanthocheila, one new triterpene, together with two known diterpenes, two known flavonoids and a phytosterol was isolated. On the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including electron ionisation mass spectra, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, 1-D nuclear Overhauser effect, distortionless enchancement learn more by polarisation transfer, H, H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy spectra and comparison with

spectral JQ1 in vitro data of known compounds, the structure of new compounds was established as 1 beta,3 beta-dihydroxyolean-9(11),12-dienyl (1). The five known compounds (2-6) were 7 alpha-acetoxyroyleanone, taxodione, salvigenin, apigenin-7,4′-dimethyl ether and beta-sitosterol, respectively. These known structures are isolated from the aerial parts of S. xanthocheila for the first time.”
“One goal of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (TM) (PROMIS (TM)) is to develop a measure of sexual functioning that broadens the definition of sexual activity and incorporates items that reflect constructs identified as important by patients with cancer. We describe how cognitive interviews improved the quality of the items and discuss remaining challenges to assessing sexual functioning in research with cancer populations.

We conducted 39 cognitive interviews of patients with cancer and survivors on the topic of sexual experience. Each of the 83 candidate items was seen by 5-24 participants. Participants included both men and women and varied by cancer type, treatment trajectory, race, and literacy level. Significantly revised items were retested in subsequent interviews.

Cognitive interviews provided useful feedback about the relevance, sensitivity, appropriateness, and clarity of the items. Participants identified broad terms (e.g.

7%) subjects. The presence of a TLTV was associated with a higher incidence of a concomitant LSTV and vice versa (P < .001; odds ratio [OR], 13.7; 95% confi dence interval [CI]: 2.7, 68.4]). A TLTV was not associated with an anomalous total number of vertebrae (P = .46), but an LSTV was (P,.001; OR, 7.4; 95% CI: 2.2, 24.8).

Conclusion: The selleck chemicals ILL denotes the lowest lumbar vertebra, which does not always represent L5. A well-formed, complete S1-2 intervertebral disk is associated with LSTVs, but alteration in LSIVDA is not. LSTVs are associated

with anomalous vertebral numbering. (C) RSNA, 2011″
“The approach to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) diagnosis can be complex this website because it involves synthesizing baseline electrophysiologic features, features of the SVT, and the response(s) to pacing maneuvers. In this two-part review, we will mainly explore the latter while recognizing that neither of the former can be ignored, for they provide the context in which diagnostic pacing maneuvers must be correctly chosen and interpreted. Part 1 involved a detailed consideration

of ventricular overdrive pacing, since this pacing maneuver provides the diagnosis in the majority of cases. In Part 2, other diagnostic pacing maneuvers that might be helpful when ventricular overdrive pacing is not diagnostic or appropriate, including attempts to reset SVT with single atrial or ventricular beats, para-Hisian pacing, apex versus base pacing, and atrial overdrive pacing, are discussed, as are some specific diagnostic SVT challenges encountered in the electrophysiology lab. There is considerable literature on this topic, and this review is by no means meant to be all-encompassing. Rather, we hope to clearly explain and illustrate the physiology, strengths, and weaknesses of what we consider to be the most important and commonly employed diagnostic pacing maneuvers, that is, those that trainees in cardiac electrophysiology should be well familiar with at a minimum.(PACE 2012; 35:757769)”
“Hypothalamic Vorinostat hamartomas (HH) are rare congenital nonneoplastic

lesions of the tuber cinereum, which usually present as precocious puberty of central origin in young girls and respond well to treatment with long acting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. No association of this condition with diabetes mellitus of any form has been reported so far. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, when it is not autoimmune type 1 diabetes, is difficult to classify. We present a girl with early onset of central precocious puberty at the age of 8 months, due to hypothalamic hamartoma. Treatment with depot of a GnRH analog for a period of 9 years and 8 months was successful, and her puberty continued 6 months after the discontinuation of triptorelin. At the age of 9 years 6 months, the girl presented with diabetes.

The control group received standard instructions, whereas the exercise group was instructed on specific exercises aimed at strengthening or stretching the shoulder girdle, to be completed 3 days per week. Groups were postoperatively monitored for the development of shoulder discomfort and shoulder impingement by using physical examination and disability questionnaires. At 1 month, seven of 21 control patients reported developing shoulder pain or discomfort compared to one of 23 in the exercise group (P = 0.02). At 6 months, four of 23 control patients still reported worsening shoulder symptoms, compared to none in the exercise group (P =

0.11). In the control group, five of 19 patients developed a positive impingement test at 1

month, versus none in the exercise group (P = 0.01). Scores for the questionnaires Selleckchem Fludarabine designed to assess shoulder pain and dysfunction were worse in the control group. There were no activity-related complications in either group.

Conclusion: Shoulder pain and disability occurs often following cardiac rhythm management device implantation. A simple exercise program aimed at strengthening the shoulder girdle is effective at preventing this complication. (PACE 2011; 1-7).”
“Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the loss of efficacy over time of RG7204 the Buc-1 ultrasonic tip in dentin blocks.

Study design. An ultrasonic handpiece was mounted to the loading arm of a universal testing machine and a downward force of 15 g was applied in 20-sec cycles for a total of 30 min of instrumentation. Efficacy was measured by the change in weight

of the dentin Selleck C188-9 block to the nearest 0.01 mg after 2, 10, 20, and 30 minutes of instrumentation (n = 5 tips).

Results. Dentin removal decreased significantly between 2 and 10 minutes of instrumentation with no further significant decrease after 20 or 30 minutes (1-factor analysis of variance: alpha = .05).

Conclusion. The evidence suggests there is a significant decrease in dentin removal efficacy of the Buc-1 tip after 10 minutes of instrumentation. Continued instrumentation for up to 30 minutes showed no further decrease in efficacy. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e107-e109)”
“Methods: Consecutive patients with transvenous leads undergoing TEE from July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2005, were identified and assessed for a clinical diagnosis of endocarditis. An echocardiographer blinded to clinical information reviewed all TEEs.

Results: Of 177 TEEs performed on 153 patients, a visible mass on a device lead was observed in 25 (14%), including 11 TEEs showing a lead vegetation, 13 TEEs showing lead strands, and one study showing both. Seventeen patients were adjudicated to have endocarditis, of which eight had a mass seen on a lead during TEE. Thus, 72% of patients (18 of 25) with a lead-associated mass did not have evidence of an infection.

83, p = 0.004) and AZD4547 order changes in CaMKIID and mitochondrial gene expression.

Conclusions: A large animal NSTE-ACS model with mild TnI elevation and without ST elevation, similar to the human syndrome, demonstrates signs of acute myocardial injury by T2-CMR without significant irreversible damage. Reduced tissue respiration and associated adaptations of critical metabolic pathways correspond to increased myocardial injury by serum biomarkers in this model. T2-CMR

as a biomarker of at-risk but salvageable myocardium warrants further consideration in preclinical and clinical studies of NSTE-ACS.”
“Objective. To compare fetal upper arm and thigh volume measurements acquired by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound using the multiplanar and the eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI see more VOCAL) methods with different number of sectional planes.

Methods. This study enrolled 40 healthy pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. The volume of fetal limbs was calculated using the multiplanar (with 5.0 mm intervals) and the XI VOCAL (with 5, 10, 15, and 20 slice planes) methods. Comparison between the techniques was made by analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests.

Results. Mean fetal upper arm volume measured by the 15 sectional planes XI VOCAL method was lower than the same method using 5 and 10 planes instead (p = 0.025 and 0.039,

respectively). Fetal thigh volume showed no statistically significant differences among https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blz945.html all studied methods.

Conclusion. The XI VOCAL using 15 sectional planes method underestimated the fetal upper arm volume by 5 and 10 planes XI VOCAL techniques.”
“BACKGROUND: In order to effectively damage some biomolecules under ultrasonic irradiation, a mixed TiO2/SiO2 powder with high catalytic activity

and selectivity was used as a sonocatalyst.

RESULTS: The mixed TiO2/SiO2 powder heat treated at 450 degrees C for 30 min was adopted as a sonocatalyst and the damage to BSA molecules under ultrasonic irradiation was assessed. In addition, the effects of such variables as molar ratio of TiO2 and SiO2, treatment temperature and time, ultrasonic irradiation time, catalyst amount, solution acidity, ionic nature and strength, ultrasonic irradiation power and D2O concentration on the damage to BSA molecules were studied by means of UV-visible and fluorescence spectra. The results showed that the degree of damage was aggravated by an increase in ultrasonic irradiation time, catalyst amount, solution acidity, ultrasonic irradiation power and D2O concentration, but was reduced by an increase in ionic strength.

CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the mixed TiO2/SiO2 powder displayed higher activity and selectivity compared with nano-sized TiO2 and SiO2 powders during the sonocatalytic damage of BSA. The extent of the damage decreased in the order TiO2/SiO2 > nano-sized TiO2 > nano-sized SiO2.

The purpose of the guideline is to provide dermatologists as well as general practitioners

with an evidence-based tool for choosing an efficacious and safe therapy for patients with androgenetic alopecia.”
“BackgroundThe removal of tributyltin (TBT) from shipyard process wastewater using fly ash, activated carbon and fly ash/activated carbon composite was learn more investigated.

ResultsAdsorption experiments performed on TBT-contaminated artificial process wastewater revealed that the adsorption capacity of TBT increases with increase in the adsorbent amount, contact time, pH, stirring speed and initial TBT concentration. The adsorption isotherms and the kinetic data were well described by the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively.

The negative values of the Gibbs energy change (G(o)) indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption and the positive values of the enthalpy change (H-o) showed that the adsorption process is endothermic. Optimal conditions for the adsorption of TBT from contaminated artificial process wastewater were applied to TBT removal from natural shipyard process wastewater and the results showed that 94.2%, 99.2% and 99.8% TBT were removed by the fly ash, activated carbon and fly ash/activated carbon composite, respectively.

ConclusionThis study showed that the precursors as well as the composite could be employed as efficient adsorbents STI571 order for the removal of TBT from contaminated shipyard process wastewater with the composite material exhibiting the highest adsorption efficiency. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Objective: Compliance with colorectal Doramapimod molecular weight cancer screening recommendations requires considerable conscious effort on the part of the individual patient, making an individual’s decisions about engagement in screening an important contributor to compliance or noncompliance. The objective of this paper was to examine the effectiveness of individual-level

behavior theories and their associated constructs in accounting for engagement in colorectal cancer screening behavior.

Methods: We reviewed the literature examining constructs from formal models of individual-level health behavior as factors associated with compliance with screening for colorectal cancer. All published studies examining one or more constructs from the health belief model, theory of planned behavior, transtheoretical model, or social cognitive theory and their relation to screening behavior or behavioral intentions were included in the analysis.

Results: By and large, results of studies supported the theory-based predictions for the influence of constructs on cancer screening behavior. However, the evidence base for many of these relations, especially for models other than the health belief model, is quite limited.

Conclusions: Suggestions are made for future research on individual-level determinants of colorectal cancer screening. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Finally, six of these original research reports could be selected for evaluation. Additionally, eight publications were identified by manual search. Thus, a total of 14 articles were included for analysis.

Conclusions: PCI-32765 concentration It was concluded that (1) in osteoporotic animal models calcium phosphate ceramic-coated implants are associated with improved bone-to-implant

healing as compared to noncoated implants. Moreover, (2) essentially due to quality characteristics of the analyzed original research articles a negative impact of osteoporosis on bone-to-implant healing could not be confirmed. Besides, (3) the established positive bone-to-implant healing effect of calcium phosphate ceramic coatings does not differ between osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic, healthy animal models.”
“This exploratory, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of FTY720, as a part of an immunosuppressive regimen, in combination with everolimus and steroids in de novo renal transplant recipients at increased risk of delayed graft function (DGF). Small molecule library price Patients received FTY720 (5 mg) and everolimus (4 mg) 2-12 h pre-transplantation, followed by 2.5 mg/d FTY720 and concentration-controlled everolimus (4-8 ng/mL) post-transplant for 12 months. Induction therapy was prohibited. After enrollment

of 56 of the planned 200 patients between 2000 and 2002, the recruitment was terminated. The primary endpoint, rate of graft loss, or death at three months was 15.4% and the biopsy-confirmed acute rejection was 42.3%. Death or graft loss at 12 months in the DGF and non-DGF arms was 36.0%

and 25.9%, respectively. The mean estimated creatinine clearance at three months was 63 11-deoxojervine and 55 mL/min in the non-DGF and DGF groups, respectively, while at 12 months it was 56 mL/min in both the groups. Although there was no comparator arm, the results from this exploratory study (compared with data from other phases II and III trials) indicated no apparent benefits of FTY720-based regimens for prevention of acute rejection and preservation of renal function in renal transplant recipients at high risk of DGF.”
“The spin-lattice relaxation time, T-I, for Rb-87 nuclei in Rb2MnCl4 crystals was investigated, and a phase transition was found near 383 K (=T-C). The Rb-87 spectrum changes near T-C from two central resonance fines due to Rb(1) and Rb(2) to one Rb central resonance line, and this change is due to changes in the local symmetry of the Rb sites near T-C. The central resonance lines for Rb nuclei in Rb2MnCl4 crystals arc shifted to higher frequencies by the paramagnetic ions. Further, the relaxation times for the Rb(1) and Rb(2) nuclei in Rb2MnCl4 crystals are more or less continuous near T-C. Below T-C, the spin-lattice relaxation rates, T-1(-1), for Rb(1) and Rb(2) arc proportional to T-2, which implies that these relaxations occur mainly via Raman processes.