Cancer cells activated by TLR signals can release cytokines and c

Cancer cells activated by TLR signals can release cytokines and chemokines that recruit and optimize immune cells to release further cytokines and chemokines. Tanespimycin in vitro The result is an aberrant cytokine profile associated with immune tolerance, cancer progression and propagation of the tumor microenvironment. DAMPs derived from injured normal epithelial cells and necrotic cancer cells appear to be present

at significant levels in the tumor microenvironment, and their stimulation of specific TLRs might foster chronic inflammation. This mechanism is complex and thus far not well understood; however, it is clear that carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and site-specific metastasis are related to interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, DAMPs and PAMPs through TLR signals in the tumor microenvironment. Better understanding of these signals selleck chemicals and pathways will lead to development of novel therapeutic approaches to a wide variety of cancers. Acknowledgement This study is funded by NIH, National Cancer Institute Project II PO CA029605 and CA012582 (DSBH), Weil Family Fund (Los Angeles, CA), and the Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Foundation (Los Angeles). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which

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