For the immunological assays (ELISA and Western Blotting assays), Falcon flexible micro titration plates were used (Becton Dickinson France S.A). The plates were coated overnight at 5 °C with 100 μl of a 5 μg/ml solution of the crude venoms (B. andianus, B. atrox, B. barnetti, B. brazili, B.

pictus and B. hyoprora) in 0.02 M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6. The assays were performed as described previously by Chávez-Olórtegui et al. (1991). Absorbance values were determined at 492 nm with a Biorad 680 Microplate Reader. All measurements were made in triplicate and the results expressed as the median of two assays. For Western Blotting the venoms were subjected to electrophoresis SDS-PAGE (15%) according to Laemmli (1970) in reducing

conditions. The proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose Alpelisib solubility dmso membranes ( Towbin et al., 1979) and blocked with PBS-Tween 0.3% containing 2% casein. The membranes were incubated with PABA (1:10,000) for 1 h at room temperature. Immunoreactive proteins were detected using anti-horse Sigma IgG conjugated with peroxidase (1:3000). After washing three times for 5 min selleck inhibitor with PBS-Tween 0.05%, blots were developed using DAB/chloronaphthol according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The LD50 of B. andianus venom determined in this paper (57.96 μg, Table 1) is similar to the LD50 doses of B. atrox, 49.9 μg/mouse; B. pictus, 58.91 μg/mouse and B. Barnetti, 53.2 μg/mouse ( Laing et al., 2004; Rojas et al., 2005). However, B. brazili venom was three times more potent in the LD50 assay than the other four Peruvian venoms ( Laing et al., 2004). PABA was effective in neutralizing lethality induced by B. andianus venom and showed high neutralizing potency ( Table 1, ED50 of 200 μl anti-venom/mg venom). Furthermore, local hemorrhagic activity of B. andianus venom was evaluated in a mouse model. B. andianus venom directly induced extra vascular bleeding on the underside of the skin 2 h after injection. The estimated MHD is 4.68 μg ± 0.20 ( Table 1). The results obtained concerning the capacity of PABA to neutralize the hemorrhagic effect of B. andianus are shown in Table 1. This Casein kinase 1 anti-venom

was efficient in neutralizing the hemorrhagic activity. MPD using an indirect hemolytic assay and inhibition of PLA2 activity by PABA were measured. PLA2 activity was dose dependent (data not shown) and the MPD determined in this study was 5.0 μg (S.D. ± 2.83 μg) ( Table 1). PABA was also able to neutralize B. andianus PLA2 activity with a potency of 350 ± 40.0 (μl anti-venom/mg venom). The proteolytic activity of B. andianus venom was expressed as DMC units (Δ340 nm) hydrolyzed per mg of venom per minute and was found to be 68.5 U/mg min ± 1.75 ( Table 1). PABA was able to neutralize B. andianus proteolytic activity with a potency of 200 ± 11.4 (μl anti-venom/mg venom). Immunological cross-reactivity of PABA against Bothrops venoms was assessed by both ELISA and western blotting.