In the presence Selleck EGFR inhibitor of Dynasore, endocytosed vesicles should be absent and one would expect release sites to be occupied by not yet alkaline-trapped vesicles from the so-called recycling pool (RP). This pool provides a reservoir of several RRPs (Harata et al., 2001 and Rizzoli

and Betz, 2005). Therefore, response amplitudes similar to those of the DMSO control experiments were expected, except for some decrease later in the recording due to depletion of the RP. Surprisingly, a reduction in response amplitude was observed early-on, which was even stronger than that in the presence of Folimycin. This early decrease cannot be explained by SV depletion, since release sites should be occupied in the absence of endocytosis at least to the same degree as that reported by the acidic SVs in the Folimycin case. Therefore, our data reveal an effect of Dynasore beyond the one caused by insufficient SV supply. Although the major phenotype of genetically impaired dynamin activity is a reduction in the SV pool size and the appearance of coated pits and invaginations at stimulated synapses (Ferguson et al., 2007 and Newton et al., 2006), acute block of dynamin activity has been shown to result in STD, which is not readily

explained by such long-term effects. Rather, it was postulated that such block of endocytosis may perturb the clearance of vesicle components from Vorinostat (SAHA, MK0683) release sites, thereby

interfering with docking and priming of new SVs (Haucke et al., 2011, Kawasaki et al., 2000 and Neher, BGB324 in vitro 2010). Here we took advantage of STED nanoscopy to follow the fate of newly exocytosed SV proteins on the plasma membrane in the presence of Dynasore. Previous STED nanoscopy (Hua et al., 2011) demonstrated that the surface fraction of the SV protein synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) is enriched at the periphery (potential endocytic site) of synapses at rest. Surface Syt1 is taken up during SV endocytosis and recycled. We, therefore, developed a staining protocol, which simultaneously displays surface-resident and newly exocytosed Syt1 during Dynasore application. We first stained surface Syt1 of live neurons with an antibody against the short Syt1 ectodomain coupled to ATTO 647N at 4°C and in the presence of 1 μM TTX to suppress endocytosis and network activity. We then washed out TTX at room temperature, applied the same antibody coupled to ATTO 590, immediately elicited 200 APs at 20 Hz, and incubated for 15 more min on ice before fixation (Figure 4A). Two populations of Syt1 could be well distinguished using dual-color STED nanoscopy. Without Dynasore (DMSO only) both populations overlapped, indicating proximity between newly exocytosed and pre-existing surface Syt1, which might have been endocytosed during the stimulation period (Figure 4B).