Nevertheless, the decreasing use of this drug in current practice limits the deleterious public health impact of this molecule at least in industrialized countries. We did not find as others any association of HCV co-infection with RI. This is probably because of the fact that, in previous reports, HCV co-infection was associated either

with late-onset acute RI [17] or observed in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis [31]. The susceptibility to RI of black patients, considered as especially susceptible to HIVAN, could not be evaluated as ethnicity was not registered in our database. We can nevertheless attest that patients HDAC inhibitor enrolled in the Aquitaine Cohort were mostly of white ethnic origin. Some limitations of our study should be noted as causal relationships,

including association between RI and exposure to ARV drugs, cannot be formally established from a cross-sectional survey design. We advertise for carefully designed and conducted prospective follow-up studies to undoubtedly identify the factors associated with the occurrence of RI; such cohorts should also distinguish acute RI from chronic RI [9,19]. Another possible limitation of the current study is the use of the CG formula to assess renal function. This assessment is indeed an estimation and can lead to misclassification of some patients. Hence, CG and MDRD are both admitted Selleck IWR 1 formulas for renal function estimation [12,36–38]. There is no general consensus in HIV-infected patients as to the most appropriate formula to use for estimating the glomerular filtration rate although the CG formula may be more appropriate in younger and thin subjects, which is mainly the case in HIV-infected patients [39]. In our study, comparisons of data using the CG formula and modified MDRD-based calculations are in favour of a slight underestimation of prevalence of RI, mainly Cell press mild, when estimated using the CG formula. Recently, in an HIV-infected population,

the CG formula was found to be at least equal to MDRD with regards to GFR measurement with [125I]-iothalamate, which is considered the gold standard [40]. In conclusion, results from the current study indicate the importance of the investigation of renal function among HIV-infected patients in care, especially in women, older patients, those with a low BMI, and/or treated with tenofovir or indinavir. Sponsorship: The ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort is supported by a grant from the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS, France) within the Coordinated Action no. 7 (AC7). The Groupe d’Epidemiologie Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA) steering the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort is organized as follows: Scientific committee: F. Dabis (Chair and Principal Investigator), M. Dupon, P Mercié, P. Morlat, JL. Pellegrin, JM. Ragnaud. Epidemiology, Methodology: M. Bruyand, G. Chêne, F. Dabis, S. Lawson-Ayayi, R. Thiébaut.