Other risk factors learn more assessed in the models included whether the patient had ever had contact with live pigs and whether the patient had ever eaten raw or undercooked pork (both categorized as binary

variables). All statistical analyses were conducted using the R software [14]. This study had ethical approval from the Plymouth and Cornwall Ethics Committee. A total of 138 patients with HIV infection were included in the study. Of these, 109 (79%) were male with a median age of 43 years (range 19–70 years). The demographic and laboratory variables for the study patients are shown in Table 1. It was found that 31 patients (22.5%) had abnormal liver function tests, but in most cases these were mild and only seven patients had an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) value greater than twice the upper limit of normal. The median CD4 count was 520 cells/μL and only 10 patients (7.2%) had a CD4 count of <250 cells/μL. No patients had an ALT value more than twice the upper limit of normal and a CD4 count of <250 cells/μL. Nineteen patients (13.8%) recalled contact with live pigs, and 15 (10.9%) recalled consuming undercooked or uncooked pork products in the past. None of the 138 HIV-positive patients tested had HEV or HAV RNA

detected in their serum by RT-PCR. One hundred and thirty-seven Cisplatin concentration of the 138 patients were anti-HEV IgM negative; the remaining sample

gave an equivocal result. Thirteen of the 138 patients (9.4%) were anti-HEV IgG positive, compared with 64 of the 464 controls (13.8%). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the control group increased with age (P<0.001) from a mean of 4% www.selleck.co.jp/products/Fludarabine(Fludara).html at age 20 years to 30% at age 80 years. After adjusting for age and sex, there was no difference in anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence between the HIV-infected patient population and the control group (P=0.8). Of the seven HIV-infected patients with ALT greater than twice the upper limit of normal, none was anti-HEV IgG positive. Table 2 shows risk factor analysis for anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in the HIV-infected population, with one risk factor tested at a time in age/sex-adjusted models. Eating raw or undercooked pork was associated with a significant increase in the risk of anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in the HIV-infected population [odds ratio (OR) 5.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–22.9; P=0.02], after adjustment for age and sex. The only other significant risk factor in basic adjusted models was ethnicity, with non-White patients more likely to test seropositive (OR 5.31; 95% CI 1.1–29.5; P=0.03). After fitting a multivariable model using a forward stepwise selection approach, the association between eating undercooked pork and anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence remained (P=0.