Staining intensity was also analyzed in the context of prognosis. Low ESR1, PGR, and ERBB3 expression as well as high ERBB2, TOP2A, and TP53 expression correlated with shorter OS (Table W4). As hierarchical clustering of the results brought no satisfying results (data not shown), we scored the heterogeneity of the proteins, which have yielded statistically significant correlations with either clinicopathologic data and/or survival. The proteins included in the cumulative tumor heterogeneity assessment were given as follows: ESR1, PGR, PIK3CA, pAKT1, MYC, TOP2A, CDKN2A, RAD21, and RUNX1. Thirty-nine (11.0%) patients were classified as

“globally heterogeneous”, with a score of at least 3. One hundred forty-three (40.3%) patients were entirely homogenous, with a score of 0. Cumulative tumor heterogeneity was compared with clinicopathologic data and OS (Table 4 and Figure 2). It correlated with higher stage, higher grade, non-endometrioid histology, and Cobimetinib cost click here the presence of metastases as well as shorter OS (all P < .05). Due to multiple correlations among the studied parameters, only global tumor heterogeneity, not the heterogeneity of separate proteins, was included into the multivariate analysis. Cumulative heterogeneity

remained an independent prognostic factor, along with the stage and tumor histology ( Table 5). Intratumor heterogeneity is presumed to be the main reason based on a single biopsy personalized treatment failure [2]. It can also disturb pathologic evaluation of the tumor and thus diagnosis. However, emerging evidence suggests that the heterogeneity degree itself might serve as a clinically valid molecular marker [22] and [23]. Although genetic landscape of endometrial carcinoma has been extensively studied Etofibrate [24], the protein heterogeneity in EC has received far less

attention. Analysis of the four cores collected from different regions of the primary tumor provided evidence of protein heterogeneity in the majority of the studied patients with EC. Thus, a single biopsy indeed reveals only a small fraction of protein expression changes present in an entire tumor. Heterogeneity of tumors has been extensively studied in breast cancer. Breast carcinomas were shown to possess allelic imbalance, karyotypic diversity, and cell subpopulations of diverse therapy sensitivity [25] and [26]. Furthermore, variable expression of ERBB2, cyclin D1 (CCND1), MYC, and TOP2A has been reported within breast tumors [27] and [28]. Triple negative breast carcinoma, known from its aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis, was characterized by explicit intratumor genetic heterogeneity [29]. In non–small cell lung cancer, ERBB1 amplification heterogeneity lowered targeted therapy efficiency [30]. ERBB2 heterogeneity reported in endometrial and gastric cancers was found to be the reason for discordant results with fluorescence in situ hybridization [31] and [32]. Yoon et al.