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“We have constructed hetero dimers by utilizing the axial bonding capabilities as well as known oxophilicity of Germanium(IV) ion of Germanium(IV) corroles as basal scaffolding unit and either free-base or Zn-II porphyrin at axial position for the first time. Both the hetero dimers have been completely characterized by elemental analysis, UV-visible, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and H-1-H-1 COSY) and fluorescence spectroscopies as well as electrochemical methods. The ground state properties indicate that there exists a minimum pi-pi interactions between the macrocyclic units of these dyads. Excited state properties showed that there

is an electronic energy transfer competing photoinduced electron transfer from singlet state of basal metalloid corrole to the axial porphyrin and a photoinduced electron transfer from excited state of axial porphyrin selleck inhibitor to the ground state of central metalloid corrole are possible. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“More than half a million specimens of wild-caught Lepidoptera GDC-0032 caterpillars have been reared for their parasitoids, identified, and DNA barcoded over a period of 34 years (and ongoing) from Area de Conservacion de Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. This provides the world’s best location-based dataset for studying the taxonomy and host relationships of

caterpillar parasitoids. Among Hymenoptera, Microgastrinae (Braconidae) is the most diverse and commonly encountered parasitoid subfamily, with many hundreds of species delineated to date, almost all undescribed. Here, we reassess the limits of the genus Apanteles sensu stricto, describe 186 new species from 3,200+ parasitized caterpillars of hundreds of ACG Lepidoptera species, and provide keys to all 205 described Apanteles from Mesoamerica

-including 19 previously described species in addition to the new species. The Mesoamerican Apanteles are assigned to 32 species-groups, all but two of which are newly defined. Taxonomic keys are presented in two formats: traditional dichotomous print versions and links to electronic interactive versions (software Lucid 3.5). Numerous illustrations, computer-generated descriptions, distributional information, wasp biology, Cyclopamine in vitro and DNA barcodes (where available) are presented for every species. All morphological terms are detailed and linked to the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology website. DNA barcodes (a standard fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene), information on wasp biology (host records, solitary/gregariousness of wasp larvae), ratios of morphological features, and wasp microecological distributions were used to help clarify boundaries between morphologically cryptic species within species-complexes. Because of the high accuracy of host identification for about 80% of the wasp species studied, it was possible to analyze host relationships at a regional level.