) were studied

by exposing plants to six salinity levels (0-500 mM NaCl range) for 70 d. Salt stress was administered either by pre-mixing of the calculated amount of NaCl with the potting mix before seeds were planted or by the gradual increase of NaCl levels in the irrigation water. For both methods, the optimal plant growth and biomass was achieved between 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl, suggesting that quinoa possess a very efficient system to adjust osmotically for abrupt increases in NaCl stress. Up to 95% of osmotic adjustment in old leaves and between 80% and 85% of osmotic adjustment in young leaves was achieved by means of accumulation of inorganic ions (Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-)) at these NaCl levels, whilst the contribution of organic osmolytes was very limited. Consistently higher K(+) GSK1904529A Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor and lower

Na(+) levels were found in young, as compared with old leaves, for all salinity treatments. The see more shoot sap K(+) progressively increased with increased salinity in old leaves; this is interpreted as evidence for the important role of free K(+) in leaf osmotic adjustment under saline conditions. A 5-fold increase in salinity level (from 100 mM to 500 mM) resulted in only a 50% increase in the sap Na(+) content, suggesting either a very strict control of xylem Na(+) loading or an efficient Na(+) removal from leaves. A very strong correlation between NaCl-induced K(+) and H(+) fluxes was observed in quinoa root, suggesting that a rapid NaCl-induced activation of H(+)-ATPase is needed to restore otherwise depolarized membrane potential and prevent further K(+) leak from the cytosol. Taken together, this work emphasizes the role of inorganic ions for osmotic adjustment in halophytes and calls for more in-depth studies of the mechanisms of vacuolar Na(+) sequestration, control of Na(+) and K(+) xylem loading, and their transport to the shoot.”
“It is widely accepted that the melt processibility of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) INCB018424 is poor. In this article, a high-molecular-weight PTFE was extruded smoothly with a modified die; and

critical shear rate could be raised to 4 s(-1), using a die with L/D (length to diameter) ratio of 200. Meanwhile, we compared the current PTFE fiber spinning method with melt spinning to investigate the effects of high-temperature treatment on the drawability of PTFE and found that the processing sequence could play a key role. The deformation imposed before or after the high-temperature treatment could determine whether the fibrillation can be achieved continuously and effectively. Based on the experiment phenomenon, together with the results of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy characterization, we proposed a model to describe the submicron structural change of PTFE during extension. From this model, the fundamental mechanism for the poor melt processibility of PTFE was elucidated. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.