Which one of the two is correct? To address this problem, we conducted an in-depth Computational analysis. The conclusions drawn from various aspects, such as energetics, the channel-gating dynamic Process, the pK(a) shift and its impact on the channel, and the consistency with the previous functional studies, among others, are all in favour to the allosteric
mechanism revealed by the NMR structure. The findings reported here may stimulate and encourage new strategies for developing effective drugs against influenza A, particularly in dealing with the drug-resistant problems. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The role of astrocytes in microglia-induced neuronal death remains controversial. In this study, astrocytes and astrocyte-derived Elafibranor order conditioned media (ACM) supported the survival of dopaminergic neurons, and the former was more effective than the latter. In the presence of astrocytes, low concentrations of LPS enhanced the survival of dopaminergic neurons, while high concentrations
attenuated S3I-201 in vivo survival. LIPS dramatically induced astrocytes to secrete IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner with no effect on secretion of GDNF. Neuron-astrocyte cultures had highest secretion of GDNF, followed by ACM-treated neuron-enriched cultures. After neuron-astrocyte cultures treated with IL-6-neutralizing antibody, both effects of the enhanced and attenuated survival of dopaminergic neurons were abolished Our results indicate that astrocytes play a protective role in the LIPS-induced damage of dopaminergic neurons in certain circumstances, and the interaction between astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons may enhance the protective effect of astrocytes. Suitable activation of astrocytes increases the protective effect while excessive activation attenuates it, and IL-6 might medicate this dual action. The underlying mechanisms related to the secretion of GDNF and proinflammatory factors warrant further investigation.
click here (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Health authorities must rely on quarantine, isolation, and other non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain Outbreaks of newly emerging human diseases.
Methods: We modeled a generic disease caused by a pathogen apparently transmitted by close interpersonal contact, but about which little else is known. In our model, people may be infectious while incubating or during their prodrome or acute illness. We derived an expression for R, the reproduction number, took its partial derivatives with respect to control parameters, and encoded these analytical results in a user-friendly Mathematica (TM) notebook.