A productivity study

by Dietz and Zeng [44] on the non-sterile fermentation of crude glycerol with the use of inocula received from three biogasworks demonstrated an increase in the synthesis of the main product even above the level of theoretical productivity. That was probably caused by the presence of strains able to metabolize glycerol other than C. butyricum and the introduction of an additional carbon source that was contained in the consortium. Analysis of some protein markers of environmental stresses The development of bioprocess technology has led to a greater production of metabolites, especially on an industrial scale. Large-scale production is connected with several problems such as the need to ensure optimal temperature and osmotic pressure as well as a non-inhibiting level of metabolites and to provide proper nutrients, and the fact that bacteria cells are prone to mechanical damage caused by shear force. In this study, in order to determine the AZD7762 purchase environmental stresses Bioactive Compound Library cost resulting from the addition of glycerol in fed-batch fermentation some cell proteins considered to be stress markers were analyzed (Table 4). Table 4 Proteomic analysis of stress response in C. butyricum DSP1 Protein

names Gene/ORF names Number ID Mass (Da) q-value* Fold change** Fold change*** HSP20 CLP_1581 C4ILE7 17.07 0.0024 1.62 3.41 GroEL (HSP60) groL B1R088 57.90 0.0056 2.14 5.31 DnaK (HSP70) dnak C4IDG2 65.64 0.0165 1.32 3.72 HSP90 CLP_0987 C4IJL7 75.22 0.0076 0.23 0.31 SpoOA Spo0A B1QU80 31.45 0.0021 1.32 3.72 *q-value – statistical significance of obtained results. **fold change between samples from batch and fed-batch fermentation – after adding the first portion of glycerol (26th hour). ***fold change between samples from batch and fed-batch fermentation – after adding the second portion of glycerol (52nd hour). The differences between the level of the heat shock proteins HSP20, HSP60 (GroEL), HSP70 (DnaK), HSP90 and the transcription factors of sporulation process of SpoOA were observed. The literature points to Hsp60 (GroEL) as a protein associated with the response

of the genus Clostridium to osmotic, toxic and temperature stresses [58, 59]. Hennequin et al. [59] observed the influence of increased temperature (30-48°C) on the level of GroEL in C. difficile and found that after incubation at 43°C Glutamate dehydrogenase the level of this protein was 3 times greater than at 30°C. For C. acetobutylicum, a rise in the temperature from 30 to 42°C resulted in the appearance of 15 heat shock proteins belonging to the family HSP60 and HSP70 [60]. In the current work, heat shock proteins were detected in metabolically active cells able to synthesize 1,3-PD in batch and fed-batch fermentations. During batch fermentation the levels of all proteins selleck kinase inhibitor studied were low whereas in fed-batch fermentation the amount of HSP60 increased twofold and of HSP20 1.5 times after adding the first portion of crude glycerol.