“
“Our aim was to describe the referred pain pattern and areas from trigger points

(TrPs) in head, neck, and shoulder muscles in children with chronic tension type headache (CTTH). Fifty children (14 boys, 36 girls, mean age: 8 +/- 2) with CTTH and 50 age-and sex-matched children participated. Bilateral temporalis, masseter, superior oblique, upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, suboccipital, and levator scapula muscles were examined for TrPs Selleck HIF inhibitor by an assessor blinded to the children’s condition. TrPs were identified with palpation and considered active when local and referred pains reproduce headache pain attacks. The referred pain areas were drawn on anatomical maps, digitalized, and also measured. The total number of TrPs was significantly greater in children with CTTH as compared to healthy children (P < 0.001). Active TrPs were only present in children with CTTH (P < 0.001). MAPK inhibitor Within children with CTTH, a significant positive association between the number of active TrPs and headache duration (r(s) = 0.315; P = 0.026) was observed: the greater the number of active TrPs, the longer the duration of

headache attack. Significant differences in referred pain areas between groups (P < 0.001) and muscles (P < 0.001) were found: the referred pain areas were larger in CTTH children (P < 0.001), and the referred pain area elicited by suboccipital TrPs was larger than the referred pain from the remaining TrPs (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlations between some headache clinical parameters and the size of the referred pain area were found. Our results showed that the local and referred pains elicited from active TrPs in head, neck and shoulder shared similar pain pattern as spontaneous CTTH in children, supporting a relevant role of active TrPs in CTTH in children.”
“The heat capacity of the Mn3Sn2 compound was measured between 2 and 300 K in magnetic fields up to 7 T. The isothermal

magnetic entropy change (Delta S-M) and the adiabatic temperature change (Delta T-ad) were calculated from these data. In agreement with previous magnetic measurements, three Selleckchem RepSox transitions are detected in the zero-field heat capacity versus temperature curve, two lambda-like peaks close to T-C1 similar to 262 K and T-C2 similar to 227 K due to ferromagneticlike second-order transitions and a third anomaly at T-t similar to 197 K ascribed to the development of a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. The Debye temperature is estimated to be similar to 303 K from the low-temperature data. The thermal dependences of Delta S-M and Delta T-ad present a two-peak response with peak maxima near T-C1 and T-C2. For a field variation of 5 T, the values of Delta T-ad are found to be similar to 2.1 and similar to 1.6 K, respectively. The results are discussed and compared to previously published data concerning other magnetic refrigerants working near room temperature.