These findings indicate that diet composition can

significantly influence the composition of Emu Oil27 and hence possibly impact on oil efficacy.30 In a CD-1 mouse model of croton oil-induced auricular inflammation, topical CP-690550 price application of Emu Oil significantly decreased auricular thickness and weight.31 Furthermore, Emu Oil reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α,31 cytokines also reported to be directly involved in the development of IBD.32–34 Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effects of Emu Oil in croton oil-induced auricular inflammation were more pronounced than application of fish, flaxseed and olive oils, or liquefied chicken fat;31 oils known to contain significantly higher levels of FAs. Snowden and Whitehouse23 assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of five different preparations of Emu Oil, varying in Emu farm location, source of Emu adipose tissue (subcutaneous or retroperitoneal), rendering protocols and storage. Five Emu Oil preparations (Emu Oil [EO] one; commercially available preparation in Western Australia [WA] with added anti-oxidant, EO two; commercially rendered in WA with no additives, EO three; prepared using intra-abdominal fat from WA birds, EO four; prepared using subcutaneous fat from Queensland birds, EO five; commercially rendered

from Queensland birds) were topically applied to rat paws, following experimentally-induced polyarthritis. Paw diameter, indicative of arthritic inflammation, was significantly reduced following application of four of the Emu Oil preparations (EO two-five). Furthermore, Emu Oil preparations two and three check details Myosin reduced inflammation to an extent comparable with oral ibuprofen (40 mg/kg), a readily available NSAID.23 Emu Oil has further been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic hamsters compared with hamsters ingesting

a saturated fatty acid-enriched diet35 and Emu Oil administration reduced plasma low-density lipoprotein and aortic cholesterol ester concentrations.35 Whitehouse et al.22 indicated that transdermal application of Emu Oil in 15% (v/v) cineol significantly reduced paw swelling in addition to promoting weight gain in a rat model of arthritis. Bennett et al.29 demonstrated that Emu Oil has both antioxidant properties in vitro (radical scavenging activities) and a protective role against oxidative damage (assessed by measuring the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes) in a biological membrane model system. Furthermore, Emu Oil afforded greater protection against oxidative damage than the Ostrich and Rhea Oils.29 Topical application of Emu Oil has been demonstrated to promote wound healing and recovery. In a study by Politis and Dmytrowich,36 Emu Oil lotion (a mixture of Emu fat, oil, vitamin E and botanical oil) was applied to full-thickness skin defects 24 h after surgery in rodents.