Tsukuma K: Transparent MgAl 2 O 4 spinel ceramics produced by hip post-sintering . Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai gakujutsu ronbunshi (J Ceramic Soc Jpn) 2006,114(1334):802–806.CrossRef 56. Wang SF, Zhang J, Luo DW, Gu F, Tang DY, Dong ZL, Tan GEB, Que WX, Zhang TS, Li S, Kong LB: Transparent ceramics: processing, materials and applications . Prog Solid State Chem 2013,41(1–2):20–54.CrossRef 57. Li J-G, Ikegami T, Lee J-H, Mori T: Fabrication of translucent magnesium aluminum spinel ceramics . J Am Ceramic Soc 2000,83(11):2866–2868.CrossRef 58. Zhang HSP inhibitor cancer J, Lu T, Chang X, Wei N, Xu W: Related mechanism of transparency in MgAl 2 O 4 nano-ceramics prepared by sintering under high pressure and low temperature . J PhysD: Appl Phys
2009,42(5):052002. 59. żyła G, Cholewa M, Witek A: Dependence of viscosity of suspensions of ceramic nanopowders in ethyl alcohol on concentration and temperature . Nanoscale Res Lett 2012,7(1):412.CrossRef 60. żyła G, Cholewa M, Witek A: Rheological
Selleck Selonsertib properties of diethylene glycol-based MgAl 2 O 4 nanofluids . RSC Adv 2013,3(18):6429–6434.CrossRef 61. Hwang Y, Lee J-K, Lee J-K, Jeong Y-M, Cheong S-i, Ahn Y-C, Kim SH: Production and dispersion stability of nanoparticles in nanofluids . Powder Technol 2008,186(2):145–153.CrossRef 62. Duan F, Wong T, Crivoi A: Dynamic viscosity measurement in non-Newtonian graphite nanofluids . Nanoscale Res Lett 2012,7(1):360.CrossRef 63. Pastoriza-Gallego MJ, Lugo L, Cabaleiro D, Legido JL, Pineiro MM: Thermophysical profile of ethylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids . J Chem Thermodynamics (IN Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) PRESS) 2013. -101016201307002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2013.07.002 64. Taylor GI: Stability of a viscous liquid contained between two rotating cylinders . Philos Trans R Soc Lond A, Containing Papers Math Phys Character 1923,223(605–615):289–343.
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions Gż planned the measurements, performed the samples, conducted the study, has made the processing and analysis of data, took an active part in the discussion of the Selleck mTOR inhibitor results and preparation of the manuscript, and coordinated the research. JG performed the samples, conducted the study, and took an active part in the discussion of the results and preparation of the manuscript. AW has prepared materials for research and took an active part in discussions of the results and preparation of the manuscript. MC took an active part in discussions of the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The current-spreading effect is one of the most important factors limiting the external quantum efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [1, 2]. Limited by the mobility and thickness of the current-spreading layer, most carriers crowd under the electrode, which resulted in most photons from radiation recombination being blocked or absorbed by opaque electrode and large joule heating under the electrode [3, 4].