Middle panel- shows the reduced SPAG9 expression probed with anti SPAG9 antibody in SPAG9 siRNA treated mice tumors compared with control siRNA treated mice. Right panel- similarly

shows the reduced PCNA expression in the SPAG9 siRNA treated mice compared with control siRNA treated mice. (d) The histograph representing the number of SPAG9 expressing cells and PCNA expressing cells. The histograph distinctly revealed the significantly reduced number of SPAG9 and PCNA expressing cells in SPAG9 siRNA compared with control siRNA treated mice. Columns indicate mean; bars, standard error. * P < 0.0001, statistical significant. Original magnification, × 400; objective × 40. Discussion Breast cancer remains the major cause of death in women worldwide. Recent reports indicate that majority of cancer related deaths occur in find more economically weak and developing countries, such as India [1]. learn more The existing treatment modalities for breast cancer patients are based on expression of ER, PR and HER2 molecules. However, a major challenge remains with the

breast cancer patients with triple-negative tumors for which there are no or limited therapy available and have poor prognosis [15]. Therefore, in this regard we investigated the involvement of a well characterized CT antigen, SPAG9 in breast cancer using various breast cancer cell line models. Gene silencing approach was employed to study the association of SPAG9 with early spread and metastasis in highly aggressive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells which may lead to new therapeutic strategies.

In our recent studies SPAG9 expression was shown to be associated with different stages and grades of various tumors [9]. In addition, SPAG9 was also shown to be associated with cellular Cediranib (AZD2171) proliferation, migration and invasion in squamous cell carcinoma-derived cervical cancer (SiHa) [12], renal cell carcinoma (Caki-1) [11] and colon cancer (COLO 205 and HCT 116) [13] cell line models, respectively. Recently, we also demonstrated an association of SPAG9 with early spread of breast carcinogenesis [14]. Collectively, our data indicates that SPAG9 may be a potential key molecule contributing towards the early spread and metastasis. In this context, we investigated SPAG9 expression in breast cancer cells of different histological subtypes, harboring different hormone receptor. So far very few studies have proposed an association of CT antigens with cellular growth, migration and invasion abilities in various breast cancer cell lines. Earlier, X antigen family, member 1 (XAGE-1) was shown to be expressed only in ER-negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-468 cells), and no expression in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (ZR-75-1, MCF-7, and BT-474 cells) [16] suggesting that XAGE-1 transcription may be functional through estrogen receptor pathway.

More work is needed to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the accretion of lean mass following fish oil consumption. The role of cortisol in obesity is poorly understood. Excessive cortisol levels, such as those observed in patients with Cushing’s disease, results in substantial fat mass gains – especially in the abdominal region [17, 19]. However, there is disagreement between studies about the relationship between values of cortisol that are within a normal physiological range, and obesity [18]. Nevertheless, several studies have shown an association with higher levels of cortisol and fat mass [53–58]. In the present study, there was a significant correlation

between the change in salivary cortisol and the change in fat mass following fish oil treatment (r = 0.661, p

= 0.001). Recent work by Purnell et al. [59] has shown that a reduction in fat mass as a result of dieting does not lower cortisol production, selleck chemicals which would suggest that the relationship observed in the present study between Gefitinib in vitro salivary cortisol and fat mass was not simply a result of the reduction in fat mass. However, further work is needed to determine exactly how the reduction in cortisol levels may have influenced fat loss observed in the FO group. In conclusion, 6 weeks of supplemental fish oil significantly increased lean mass, and significantly reduced fat mass in healthy adults. Given the short duration of this study, it is unclear how RANTES these changes would impact long-term body composition changes and more research is needed to determine the impact of chronic fish oil supplementation on long-term body composition. The reduction in salivary cortisol following fish oil treatment was significantly correlated with the increased fat free mass and the decreased fat mass observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this association has been described

in the literature. Since higher salivary cortisol levels are associated with higher mortality rates [60], the reduction in salivary cortisol levels observed in the present study following fish oil supplementation likely has significant implications beyond positive changes in body composition. Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by a Gettysburg College Research and Professional Development Grant. The fish oil and safflower oil capsules were donated by Genuine Health Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, CA. References 1. Astrup A, Buemann B, Flint A, Raben A: Low-fat diets and energy balance: how does the evidence stand in 2002? Proc Nutr Soc 2002, 61:299–309.CrossRefPubMed 2. Swinburn B, Ravussin E: Energy balance or fat balance? Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57:766S-770S. discussion 770S-771SPubMed 3. Su W, Jones PJ: Dietary fatty acid composition influences energy accretion in rats. J Nutr 1993, 123:2109–2114.PubMed 4.

Nanotechnology 2013, 24:452001. 10.1088/0957-4484/24/45/45200124121527CrossRef 12. Yu Z, Zhang Q, Li L, Chen Q, Niu X, Liu J, Pei Q: Highly flexible silver nanowire electrodes for shape-memory polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater 2011, 23:664–668. 10.1002/adma.20100339821274917CrossRef 13. De S, Higgins TM,

Lyons PE, Doherty EM, Nirmalraj selleck products PN, Blau WJ, Boland JJ, Coleman JN: Silver nanowire networks as flexible, transparent, conducting films: extremely high DC to optical conductivity ratios. ACS Nano 2009, 3:1767–1774. 10.1021/nn900348c19552383CrossRef 14. Choi DY, Kang HW, Sung HJ, Kim SS: Annealing-free, flexible silver nanowire-polymer composite electrodes via a continuous two-step spray-coating method. Nanoscale 2013, 5:977–983. 10.1039/c2nr32221h23241687CrossRef 15. Pettersson LAA: Enhanced photo conversion efficiency utilizing interference inside organic hetero junction photovoltaic devices. Synth Met 1999, 102:1107. 10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01389-7CrossRef 16. Li G, Shrotriya V, Yao Y, Yang Y: Investigation of annealing effects and film thickness dependence of polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Appl Phys 2005, 98:043704. 10.1063/1.2008386CrossRef 17. Staurosporine Lee J-Y, Connor ST, Cui Y, Peumans P: Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes. Nano Lett 2008, 8:689–692. 10.1021/nl073296g18189445CrossRef

18. Leem D-S, Edwards A, Faist M, Nelson J, Bradley DDC, de Mello JC: Efficient organic solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowire electrodes. Adv Mater 2011, 23:4371–4375. 10.1002/adma.20110087121861269CrossRef

19. Krantz J, Richter M, Spallek S, Spiecker E, Brabec CJ: Solution-processed metallic nanowire electrodes as indium tin oxide replacement for thin-film solar acetylcholine cells. Adv Funct Mater 2011, 21:4784–4787. 10.1002/adfm.201100457CrossRef 20. Noh Y-J, Kim S-S, Kim T-W, Na S-I: Cost-effective ITO-free organic solar cells with silver nanowire–PEDOT:PSS composite electrodes via a one-step spray deposition method. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2014,120(Part A):226–230.CrossRef 21. Gaynor W, Burkhard GF, McGehee MD, Peumans P: Smooth nanowire/polymer composite transparent electrodes. Adv Mater 2011, 23:2905–2910. 10.1002/adma.20110056621538594CrossRef 22. Chung C-H, Song T-B, Bob B, Zhu R, Yang Y: Solution-processed flexible transparent conductors composed of silver nanowire networks embedded in indium tin oxide nanoparticle matrices. Nano Res 2012, 5:805–814. 10.1007/s12274-012-0264-8CrossRef 23. Yu Z, Li L, Zhang Q, Hu W, Pei Q: Silver nanowire-polymer composite electrodes for efficient polymer solar cells. Adv Mater 2011, 23:4453–4457. 10.1002/adma.20110199221960481CrossRef 24. Zeng X-Y, Zhang Q-K, Yu R-M, Lu C-Z: A new transparent conductor: silver nanowire film buried at the surface of a transparent polymer. Adv Mater 2010, 22:4484–4488. 10.1002/adma.20100181120683862CrossRef 25.

80 generations) in 100% of both E. coli DH5α and S. Typhimurium SL1344 host cells (Table 1). These data indicate that none of the six selected pCT genes are individually responsible for the short term maintenance and successful vertical transfer of this plasmid, as their inactivation did not impact on the inheritance of pCT. The pndACB operon is homologous to

known and characterised systems in other plasmids, Sirolimus such as R64, R483, p026-vir, ColIb-P9 and pO113, with protein identity between 91% and 100%. Furuya and Komano (1996) showed that when the pndACB operon, similar to that found on the IncI plasmid R64 was inactivated, R64 was rapidly lost from the bacterial population, therefore it was required for maintenance of R64 over a similar time period [24]. Based on protein homology, plasmid pCT was found to encode a putative parB-like nuclease gene which shares 100% identity to a previously characterised ParB

protein in p026-vir. However, the putative parB gene on pCT shares no significant homology to the parB DNA sequences MK-8669 price from other IncI plasmids, such as R64 and CoIIb-P9. We found that the recombinant pCT plasmid carrying the inactivated putative parB gene also showed no significant difference in stability when compared to the wild-type plasmid. This was in contrast to work by others with plasmid P1, which showed that an intact parB is essential for the stable partitioning of P1 [25]. Our data with pCT indicated that neither pndACB nor the putative parB genes are individually essential for pCT stability under conditions tested suggesting they may not be expressed under such conditions; may work in conjunction with other elements; or are non-essential for stability due to the presence of other currently unidentified genes or gene regions. These data also suggest that broad conclusions about gene function cannot be extrapolated from data obtained with other plasmids. Table 1 Comparison of recombinant plasmids with wildtype pCT plasmid Gene inactivated on pCT Stability Conjugation to an E. colirecipient Conjugation to a Salmonellarecipient Bacterial host growth

kinetics Biofilm formation Competitive index when Montelukast Sodium co-cultured with WT pCT Sigma factor::aph = = = = = 1.00 pilS::aph = ↓ ↓ = = 1.00 traY::aph = UD UD = = 0.99 rci::aph = = ↓ = = 0.99 pndACB::aph = = = = = 1.00 parB::aph = ND ND = = ND =, the same as wild-type (WT) pCT; ↓, reduced rate when compared to pCT; ND, not determined; UD, Undetectable. The relative contribution of each conjugation pilus in pCT horizontal transfer To investigate the contribution of the two conjugation pilus genes (tra and pil) in the dissemination of pCT, the effects of inactivating the major structural protein genes of each pilus (traY and pilS) were assessed. Inactivation of traY prevented pCT transfer both in liquid and on solid surfaces (Figure 2) confirming the essential role of the tra locus for pCT conjugation under both conditions [26].

Human breast cancer with the incidence rate increasing is the threat to human health. It is significantly meaningful to understand the pathologic mechanism of breast cancer and find treatment target site. Recent researches indicate that not only gene dysfunction but also histone modifications are involved in breast tumorigenesis CH5424802 order [13]. Recent studies have implicated H3K9 modifications in numerous biological phenomena including germ cell development, × chromosome inactivation, DNA damage repair and apoptosis

[14]. Recent reports also link deregulated histone methylation to tumorigenesis [15, 16]. An H3K9 histone methyltransferase, Suv39H1, has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor by maintaining Midostaurin chemical structure H3K9 methylation levels [17, 18]. These data imply that H3K9me3 demethylases JMJD2A protein may take part in tumorigenesis through demethylation of H3K9me3. Here we hypothesized that down-regulation of JMJD2A expression in MDA-MB-231 cell line would affect breast tumorigenesis and tumor biological

characteristics. To test this hypothesis, JMJD2A-specific siRNA was transfected into human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 to observe the effects. It was proved that JMJD2A gene could be silenced efficiently in MDA-MB-231 cell line by transfection with JMJD2A-specific siRNA and HiPerFect Transfection Reagent in this study. According to the results of Quantitative real-time PCR and

Western blot analysis, the levels of JMJD2A mRNA and protein expression were both down-regulated based on the transfection. Further, FCM and MTT assay results showed cell cycle changes and proliferation inhibition existed in MDA-MB-231 cell line, and migration and invasion in vitro were both suppressed. These data imply tumor growth and metastasis may be restrained by silencing JMJD2A, and JMJD2A may be associated with breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, thus JMJD2A might be the potential therapeutic target much in breast cancer. However, the mechanism of JMJD2A in breast cancer is not very clear, here we discuss the probable role of JMJD2A in breast cancer based on our own recent data and the literature. Local chromatin architecture which is strongly influenced by post-translational modifications of histones like methylation is now generally recognized as an important factor in the regulation of gene expression [19, 20]. The combination of different modifications and the incorporation of different histone variants which have distinct roles in gene regulation, have led to the proposition of a regulatory histone code which determines, at least partly, the transcriptional potential for a specific gene or a genomic region [21].

Of the 267 study participants with outcome data, 29% were male. When analyses were restricted to the intervention group, only 29% of males compared with 51% of females were appropriately managed (Table 3) while the proportions that had a BMD test scheduled or performed (50% males compared with 59% females) and that saw their primary care physician (76% males and 84% females) were similar. Table 3 Primary and secondary outcomes among males and females by allocation to intervention or control group Outcome Intervention Idasanutlin supplier Control Males (n = 34; %) Females (n = 96; %) Males (n = 44; %) Females (n = 93; %) Physician discussed osteoporosis 76.4 84.2 59.1 52.7 BMD test 50.0 59.4

13.6 24.7 Appropriate management 29.4 51.0a 9.1 34.4a aSubgroup comparison of males and females within each of intervention and control group, p < 0.05 Discussion This cluster randomized trial in 36 small community

hospitals with 267 Bortezomib cell line study participants who suffered a low trauma fracture found that the multi-faceted intervention resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of patients appropriately managed within 6 months of fracture among the intervention compared to patients in the control group, about a 20% absolute difference. The intervention also resulted in more patients having a BMD scheduled or performed and most having a discussion about osteoporosis with their primary care physician compared to patients in the control group. To our knowledge, this is the first and only randomized trial that has been restricted to patients from small or rural communities. To date, there have been nine published post-fracture care randomized controlled trials [24] PRKD3 that have evaluated various interventions to improve management of osteoporosis in this high-risk population. Two of these were cluster randomized trials [19, 20], one in a health maintenance organization

with a large number of primary care practices [16], three in one or two hospitals [17, 21, 23] and four in-patient interventions for those with hip fracture [15, 17, 18, 22]. The pooled absolute improvements across these nine trials in BMD testing was 36% and for osteoporosis treatment 20% (95% CI, 10–30) which is virtually identical to what we observed in terms of our pre-defined outcome of appropriate osteoporosis management. The interventions vary in many of the nine prior randomized trials, ranging from point-of-care reminders to physicians to patient-specific education. This is reflected in the heterogeneity seen when trying to pool results (e.g. an I2 of 88% for improvements in osteoporosis treatment) [24]. In the study by Feldstein et al. [16], the intervention was an electronic medical record reminder which resulted in 52% of intervention patients getting a BMD test or osteoporosis medication at 6 months compared with 6% of the usual care. Whereas, in the study by Majumdar et al.

Figure 1 Microstructure of the fluoroplastic nonagglomerated MCNT nanocomposite material (A) and the fluoroplastic deagglomerated MCNT nanocomposite material (B). It is important to note that according to the results of thermal conductivity studies and those of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it can be stated that no destruction of the NCM’s matrix is observed during heating treatments up to a temperature of 330°С, Figure  2. Indeed at this temperature, we observe a heat release peak of the studied samples. The nanotubes introduction has shift the transition temperature of the glassy phase towards higher temperatures [11, 12]. Figure

2 Differential scanning calorimetric diagram of fluoroplastic MCNT nanocomposite materials obtained AZD2014 cost with a heating rate of 10°C/min. The study of the temperature dependence

of the linear thermal expansion coefficient, α(T), and the samples’ relative elongation ΔL/L enabled us to find out the characteristics of the dependence of α(T) and ΔL/L upon the temperature Ku-0059436 clinical trial (Figures  3 and 4). Figure  3 showed the nature of the studied anisotropic nanocomposite. The curves show the relative elongation changes of the sample and reveal the presence of anomalies whose shapes and intensities vary from the axial direction to the radial one. Figure 3 Linear relative elongation of fluoroplastic MCNT nanocomposite material samples at different temperatures (heating rate, 10°C/min). Figure 4 Thermal expansion coefficient of fluoroplastic MCNT nanocomposite material samples as a function of temperature (heating rate, 10°C/min). The data provided here is the evidence of devitrification of areas of the polymer matrix, which is accompanied

by an increase of the composite’s deformability and an increase of its thermal expansion coefficient. This established effect must be taken into account when selecting a working temperature range for the friction units based on this developed material. Due to the fewer works reported in this domain, it is important to start by a discussion of the obtained dilatometric results. The Acetophenone thermal expansion behavior of the studied nanomaterial (discs of 39.8 mm in diameter and height of about 4.36 mm) depends strongly on both measuring directions (radial (R) and axial (Z)). The shape of α(T) curves depends on the measuring direction. It important to note that the studied material is anisotropic. This result is consistent with those reported by other researchers elsewhere [13]. In the temperature range of 20°C to 170°C, the thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature measured along the axial direction α Z(T) (pressing direction) is greater than that obtained from the radial direction α R(T) over all this temperature range. The mean values of the axial and the radial thermal expansion coefficients are positive and equal to 80 and 40 10-6°C-1, respectively. From 230°C, both of them become negative.

The bacteria has been isolated from patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease and cystic fibrosis from multiple sides including sputum, blood, wound infections, urine, ear swabs and nose swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid [30, 32, 33]. Diversity in an ecosystem Tanespimycin clinical trial is important in establishing and preventing dominance by a single pathogenic

species. In the samples with Ralstonia spp. there were a relatively high diversity of different bacteria and if Ralstonia had had a primary effect we would expect a higher dominance of Ralstonia and a lower bacterial diversity. Therefore, we cannot conclude from this study whether Ralstonia has any effects, on the development of NEC and further studies have

to elucidate this or/and if Ralstonia sp. was present because of a higher resistance to the antibiotic treatment. Propionibacterium spp. have previously been described in faecal specimens Dorsomorphin in vitro [17, 34]. The presence of this genus has been reported to be the second largest on the adult body and predominant in sebaceous sites [35]; it has probably been found in neonates’ small intestine because of skin contact between the mother and the neonate. The reason why it has not been found in higher densities in many other gastrointestinal studies of the microbiota is a general underestimation of Actinobacteria created by the choice of primers and a dilution effect in faeces [17]. Conclusion This study emphasized the possibility to examine

the microbial composition directly on excised human tissues to avoid biases from faecal samples Resveratrol or culturing. Although a large variability of bacteria was found in most of the analyzed specimens, no single or combination of known potential pathogenic bacterial species was dominating the samples suggestive NEC as non-infectious syndrome. However there was a general high presence of Proteobacteria and Ralstonia sp. which may be due to the antibiotic treatment that all neonates received in this study and a significant correlation between the finding of C. butyricum & C. paraputrificum and the few histological pneumatosis intestinalis found in this study. Methods Patient characteristics and sample collection The study was done retrospectively on neonates with NEC hospitalised from January 2001 to December 2005. All neonates were hospitalised at a single level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. All neonates had surgical intervention and samples of removed tissue were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded at the Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet. The study was subjected to ethical review and approved by the Ethical Committee for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, Denmark (KF 01 268923). Patient’s records were reviewed in order to characterise the clinical findings, disease progression and clinical outcome.

, 50°C for 45 sec, and 72°C for 45 sec. Amplified fragments were cloned into pET101/D-TOPO vector and sequenced to determine if the glutamic acid (E) at position 49 was replaced by alanine (A). The resulting recombinant plasmid was designed as pSTM0551E49A-His. Further protein induction and purification were performed using the same procedure as for STM0551-His fusion protein. Similarly FimY-His fusion protein was https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BEZ235.html constructed using fimY-TOPO-F and fimY-TOPO-R primers. PDE activity assay In vitro PDE activity

assays were performed using purified STM0551-His, STM0551E49A-His and FimY-His proteins. Test protein was suspended in the assay buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl and 1 mM MnCl2, pH 8.5) supplemented with 5 mM bis (p-nitrophenol) phosphate (bis-pNPP) as previously described

[40, 41]. Reactions were incubated at 37°C overnight. The release of p-nitrophenol was quantified at OD410 in a spectrophotometer (WPA Biowave II, Cambridge, UK). Statistical analysis All statistical data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Differences in measurements with a p value of < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan under contract no. NSC98-2313-B-038-001-MY3. We would like to thank Dr. Ching-Hao Teng from National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan for providing CP-868596 datasheet pKD46 and pKD13 plasmids. We would also like to thank Ms. S.-T. Kuo from the Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tau-protein kinase Taiwan for assistance

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