891 to 0 992 Additionally, the IPES can detect differences in he

891 to 0.992. Additionally, the IPES can detect differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) between subjects according to epilepsy severity. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Chinese IPES has good validity, reliability, and

sensitivity, and is an epilepsy-specific HRQOL questionnaire that is a brief, accurate, and valid assessment of the influence of epilepsy on the child and family. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Up to 10% of all patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); 25-30% of HIV patients are co-infected with HCV. The aim of this study was to examine the association of HCV/HIV XL184 inhibitor co-infection with outcomes of hospitalized patients compared to those with HCV or HIV monoinfection. Using the 2006 Nationwide Inpatient

selleck screening library Sample, patients with HCV or HIV monoinfection or HCV/HIV co-infection were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. We compared liver-related and infection-related admission between the three groups of patients. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. A total of 474 843 discharges with HCV monoinfection, 206 758 with HIV monoinfection and 56 304 with HCV/HIV co-infection were included. Liver-related admissions were more common in co-infected patients (15.4%) compared to those with HIV monoinfection (3.3%, P < 0.001). Primary infectious hospitalizations were more common in HIV monoinfection (33.9%) compared to co-infected patients (26%, P < 0.001). HCV/HIV co-infection was associated with higher mortality compared to HCV monoinfection (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.65) but not when compared to monoinfected-HIV patients. HCV-associated cirrhosis or complications thereof conferred four times greater mortality risk in patients with HIV (OR 3.96, 95% CI 3.29-4.79). The rate of hospitalization for HCV/HIV co-infected patients (23.5%) was significantly higher than those with

HCV (14.8%) or HIV (19.9%) (P < 0.001). HCV/HIV co-infection is associated Selleck HIF 抑制剂 with significantly higher rates of hospitalization and is a risk factor for in-hospital mortality compared to patients with isolated HCV.”
“Results of x-ray absorption studies of the structure of amorphous InSb are reported. We demonstrate that approximately 1% bond elongation in the amorphous phase (as compared to the crystalline phase) is accompanied by a counterintuitive increase (approximately 5%) in density. We argue that this controversy is due to the formation of wrong bonds in the amorphous phase with both Sb and In atoms effectively preserving their tetrahedral coordination. Our results additionally offer an alternative interpretation of the semiconductor-metal transition observed upon melting of InSb. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

(Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:727-33) DOI: http://10 1097/AOG 0b013e31

(Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:727-33) DOI: http://10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182860c52″
“Purpose: Radioelectric asymmetric brain stimulation technology with its treatment protocols has shown efficacy in various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this work was to highlight the mechanisms by which these positive effects are

achieved. The current study was conducted to determine whether a single 500-millisecond radioelectric asymmetric conveyor (REAC) brain stimulation pulse (BSP), applied to the ear, can effect a modification of brain activity that is detectable using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods: Ten healthy volunteers, six females and four males, underwent fMRI during a simple finger-tapping motor task

before and after receiving a single 500-millisecond Z-IETD-FMK in vivo REAC-BSP.

Results: The fMRI results indicate that the average variation in task-induced encephalic activation patterns is lower in subjects following the single REAC pulse.

Conclusion: The current report demonstrates that a single REAC-BSP is sufficient to modulate brain activity in awake subjects, able to be measured using fMRI. These initial results open new perspectives into the understanding of the effects of weak and brief radio pulses upon brain activity, and provide the basis for further indepth studies using REAC-BSP and fMRI.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether text messages sent to ambulatory pregnant women see more could Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor improve influenza vaccine uptake.

METHODS: Obstetric patients at less than 28 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial from an academic center’s outpatient clinic during two consecutive influenza seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012). Potential participants were excluded if they had already received that season’s influenza vaccine. Participants were randomized to receive 12 weekly text messages encouraging general pregnancy health (General) or general pregnancy health plus influenza vaccination (Flu). Study participants completed preintervention

and postintervention surveys about preventive health beliefs. Influenza vaccine receipt was assessed using prenatal record review. The study was powered to detect a 55% increase in the vaccination rate in the intervention group.

RESULTS: Two hundred sixteen women were enrolled, 204 of whom were available for intention-to-treat analysis (n=100 General, n=104 Flu). Participants were primarily African American (66%) with low educational attainment (90% equivalent to or less than high school education) and predominantly with either public or no insurance (88%). The overall influenza vaccination rate among participants was 32% with no difference between participants in the General (31% [n=31]) compared with Flu (33% [n=34]) groups (difference 1.7%, 95% confidence interval -11.1 to 14.5%).

This paper reviews and analyses the current and projected effects

This paper reviews and analyses the current and projected effects of climate change and bioenergy on nutrition learn more and proposes policy recommendations to address these challenges. The first section of the review lays out the public health and socio-economic consequences of malnutrition

and explores causes and costs. The paper then analyses the implications of climate and global environmental change and biofuel production for food security and nutrition, addressing strategies for adaptation and mitigation. This analysis includes a number of important socio-economic factors, besides climate change and biofuel production, that are currently impacting food and nutrition security, and that will likely contribute to future effects. The paper concludes with a series of policy proposals and recommendations to adapt

to and mitigate the impacts of climate and global environmental change placing human rights in the centre of decision making. These proposals include a number of options for improving sustainability and food and nutrition security while addressing the links between climate change and bioenergy demand. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and aims: A protective effect of moderate Thiazovivin alcohol consumption on the cardiovascular system has consistently been reported, but limited evidence has been produced on the GSK1210151A mw association of alcohol with metabolic factors in the elderly. The aim of this study was to

investigate the association between different levels of current alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in a representative sample of elderly Italian men, mainly wine drinkers.

Methods and results: This is a cross-sectional multi-centre study on a population-based sample of Italian men aged 65-84 years, drawn from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA) cohort. The analyses included 1896 men. Almost all the drinkers (98%) drank wine as a lifelong habit.

Adjusted ORs for risk levels for cardiovascular factors (BMI, waist circumference, fibrinogen, alpha 2 protein, white blood cells, HDL cholesterol, Apo A-I, total cholesterol, Apo B-I, triglycerides, LDL, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA IR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were estimated, comparing drinkers with teetotalers using multivariate logistic regression models. We found alcohol consumption in older age associated with healthier hematological values of fibrinogen, HDL cholesterol, Apo A-I lipoprotein and insulin, but it was also associated with a worse hematological picture of total, LDL cholesterol levels, and systolic pressure.

Conclusion: Our results indicated in elderly moderate wine drinkers a noticeably safe metabolic, inflammatory and glycemic profile that might balance higher blood pressure, leading to a net benefit.

(C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda All rights reserved “
“Backg

(C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor SHP099 supplier (GCSF) are potential novel therapies after myocardial infarction (MI) We first established the optimal and clinically applicable dosages of these drugs in mobilizing hematopoietic stem

cells (HSC), and then tested the efficacy of monotherapy and combination therapy post-MI.

Methods and Results: Optimal doses were established in enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) + chimeric mice (n = 30). Next, mice underwent MI and randomized into 4 groups (n = 18/group) 1) GCSF: 2) EPO; 3) EPO+GCSF; and 4) control Left ventricular (LV) function was analyzed pre-MI, at 4 hours and at 28 days post-MI Histological assessment of infarct size, blood vessels, apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and engraftment of eGFP+ mobilized cells were analyzed at day 28 selleck LV function in the control group continued to deteriorate, whereas all treatments showed stabilization The treatment groups resulted in less scarring, increased numbers of mobilized cells to the infarct border zone (BZ), and a reduction in the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Both EPO groups had significantly more capillaries and arterioles at the BZ

Conclusion: We have established the optimal doses for EPO and GCSF in mobilizing FISC from the bone marrow and demonstrated that therapy

with these agents, either as monotherapy or combination therapy, led to Improvement of cardiac function post-MI Combination therapy does not seem to have additive benefit over monotherapy in this model (J Cardiac Fail 2010,16 669-678)”
“In Brazil, bats have been assigned an increasing importance in public health as they are important rabies reservoirs. Phylogenetic studies have shown that rabies virus (RABV) strains from frugivorous bats Artibeus spp. are closely associated to those from the vampire

bat Desmodus rotundus, PF-00299804 ic50 but little is known about the molecular diversity of RABV in Artibeus spp. The N and G genes of RABV isolated from Artibeus spp. and cattle infected by D. rotundus were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. The N gene nucleotides tree showed three clusters: one for D. rotundus and two for Artibeus spp. Regarding putative N amino acid-trees, two clusters were formed, one for D. rotundus and another for Artibeus spp. RABV G gene phylogeny supported the distinction between D. rotundus and Artibeus spp. strains. These results show the intricate host relationship of RABV’s evolutionary history, and are invaluable for the determination of RABV infection sources. (C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Studies have suggested some benefit of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in congestive heart failure (CHF).

It is imperative to know the various pathophysiological processes

It is imperative to know the various pathophysiological processes that underlie the causation of DO to select proper management approach.”
“The magnetic properties of annealed Fe84-xSi4B8P4Cux(x=0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5) soft-magnetic alloys

prepared by melt-spinning ARS-1620 purchase were investigated. In this alloy system, the appropriate addition of the Cu element promotes the precipitation of alpha-Fe(Si), as well as inhibits the precipitation of other phases. The saturation magnetic flux density B-s increases and the coercivity H-c markedly decreases simultaneously with increasing Cu content until x 1.25. The Fe82.75Si4B8P4Cu1.25 alloy annealed at 873 K for 1.8 ks shows a high Bs of 1.83 T and excellent soft-magnetic properties such as a low H-c of 2.1 A/m and a high effect permeability of 31 600. It is found that a 1%-1.25% addition of Cu is effective for the improvement of soft-magnetic properties for the present alloy system. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3535290]“
“Bacterial BMS-754807 manufacturer vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a mixed flora of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria and associated with risks of pathologic conditions. In the present study, therapy with a local antiseptic spray (octenidine hydrochloride/phenoxyethanol,

OHP) for 7 or 14 days is compared against the standard local therapy of BV (metronidazole) in a Serbian patient population.

As much as 450 women were treated in groups with either 7 days metronidazole vaginal tablets, 7 days OHP, or 14 days OHP. Control smears were taken after each treatment period.

In total, 63.2% of the women were without indications of BV after therapy (metronidazole: 61.0%,

OHP 7 days: 57.6%, and OHP 14 days: 71.0%). Significantly fewer women were affected from infections after treatment with 14 days OHP compared to OHP for 7 days.

Octenidine hydrochloride/phenoxyethanol spray was as effective as the standard therapy with metronidazole. Patients stated that OHP was more comfortable, easier learn more to apply, and side effects were lesser.”
“For many applications, the internal magnetic domain structure of magnetic nanoparticles may play a critical role in the determination of their collective magnetic properties. Here we utilize polarization analyzed small angle neutron scattering (PASANS) to study the individual magnetic morphologies of an interacting aqueous Fe3O4 nanoparticle system. Our results demonstrate that the total magnetic moment of the colloid is randomized, as expected in low fields, while the nuclear structure is anisotropic. Model fits indicate that the magnetic domains within the nanoparticle core at 1.5 mT have dimensions that approximate those of the structural grains perpendicular to the field, but the domains extend over multiple grains along the field direction. The asymmetry in the magnetic domain formation in weak fields undoubtedly contributes to the magnetic anisotropy and thus to the enhanced heating reported for hyperthermia applications of these systems.

) were studied

by exposing plants to six salinity levels

) were studied

by exposing plants to six salinity levels (0-500 mM NaCl range) for 70 d. Salt stress was administered either by pre-mixing of the calculated amount of NaCl with the potting mix before seeds were planted or by the gradual increase of NaCl levels in the irrigation water. For both methods, the optimal plant growth and biomass was achieved between 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl, suggesting that quinoa possess a very efficient system to adjust osmotically for abrupt increases in NaCl stress. Up to 95% of osmotic adjustment in old leaves and between 80% and 85% of osmotic adjustment in young leaves was achieved by means of accumulation of inorganic ions (Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-)) at these NaCl levels, whilst the contribution of organic osmolytes was very limited. Consistently higher K(+) GSK1904529A Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor and lower

Na(+) levels were found in young, as compared with old leaves, for all salinity treatments. The see more shoot sap K(+) progressively increased with increased salinity in old leaves; this is interpreted as evidence for the important role of free K(+) in leaf osmotic adjustment under saline conditions. A 5-fold increase in salinity level (from 100 mM to 500 mM) resulted in only a 50% increase in the sap Na(+) content, suggesting either a very strict control of xylem Na(+) loading or an efficient Na(+) removal from leaves. A very strong correlation between NaCl-induced K(+) and H(+) fluxes was observed in quinoa root, suggesting that a rapid NaCl-induced activation of H(+)-ATPase is needed to restore otherwise depolarized membrane potential and prevent further K(+) leak from the cytosol. Taken together, this work emphasizes the role of inorganic ions for osmotic adjustment in halophytes and calls for more in-depth studies of the mechanisms of vacuolar Na(+) sequestration, control of Na(+) and K(+) xylem loading, and their transport to the shoot.”
“It is widely accepted that the melt processibility of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) INCB018424 is poor. In this article, a high-molecular-weight PTFE was extruded smoothly with a modified die; and

critical shear rate could be raised to 4 s(-1), using a die with L/D (length to diameter) ratio of 200. Meanwhile, we compared the current PTFE fiber spinning method with melt spinning to investigate the effects of high-temperature treatment on the drawability of PTFE and found that the processing sequence could play a key role. The deformation imposed before or after the high-temperature treatment could determine whether the fibrillation can be achieved continuously and effectively. Based on the experiment phenomenon, together with the results of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy characterization, we proposed a model to describe the submicron structural change of PTFE during extension. From this model, the fundamental mechanism for the poor melt processibility of PTFE was elucidated. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

5 Nm in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation <

5 Nm in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.

Results. This study demonstrated the advantages of employing a finite element model for the implant parameter

delineation. It was possible to prospectively outline the needed stiffness parameters for a desired spinal range of motion achievement.

Conclusion. In summary, FEM may accelerate the development and the 17-AAG realization of a new implant design.”
“Purpose of review

It is becoming more and more obvious that epigenetic processes influence the development of rheumatic diseases as strongly as the genetic background. Research on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in rheumatic diseases, and especially in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has been Mizoribine very active for the past 5 years. Most studies have reported the aberrant expression of miRNAs in the circulation or joint tissues, and the pathogenic role of a few of them has been investigated in the experimental models.

Recent findings

As inflammation and joint damage are the main hallmarks of RA, we focused on the three miRNAs, miR-146a, miR-155 and miR-223, whose functions have been studied in both the processes and the pathogenic role investigated in the experimental models.

Summary

Focusing on the role of miR-146a, miR-155 and miR-223 in RA

pathogenesis emphasizes the intertwined relationships between bone homeostasis and immunity, and the prominent role of monocytes in RA. Studying the miRNAs in RA will shed light on the pathological processes and help in identifying

novel drug candidates and biomarkers.”
“Study Design. Prospective cohort study.

Objective. To investigate the consequences of neck pain after motor vehicle accidents in terms of disability for work and the relationship this has with symptom and work-related factors.

Summary of Background Data. Previous studies on work disability related to whiplash are very heterogeneous, are often limited CB-839 clinical trial in sample size and show a wide variability in terms of results. A relationship has been suggested between poor recovery from or persistent work disability after whiplash and female gender, older age, marital status, heavy manual work, self-employment, prior psychological problems, subjective complaints of poor concentration, pain catastrophizing, and kinesiophobia.

Methods. Individuals with neck complaints after involvement in traffic accidents, who initiated compensation claim procedures with a Dutch insurance company (n = 879), were sent questionnaires (Q1) concerning the accident, the injuries that they had sustained, their complaints at that time, and questions regarding work and disability. The course of complaints and work disability was monitored at 6 (Q2) and 12 months (Q3) after the accident.

Results. A total of 58.8% of the population with neck complaints studied was work-disabled after the accident.

We describe measurements that provide new constraints on the olig

We describe measurements that provide new constraints on the oligomerization state and supramolecular structure of residues 1-40 of Vpu (Vpu(1-40)), including analytical ultracentrifugation

measurements to investigate oligomerization in detergent micelles, photo-induced crosslinking experiments to investigate oligomerization in bilayers, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to obtain constraints on intermolecular contacts between and orientations of TM helices in bilayers. From these data, we develop molecular models for Vpu TM oligomers. The data indicate that a variety of oligomers coexist in phospholipid selleck chemical bilayers, so that a unique supramolecular structure can not be defined. Nonetheless, since oligomers of various sizes have similar intermolecular contacts and orientations, molecular models developed from our data are most likely representative of Vpu TM oligomers that exist in host cell membranes.”
“The N400

event-related potential could EPZ004777 molecular weight index the activation/integration of representations corresponding to the stimulus or, on the contrary, the inhibition of representations that have been inappropriately activated. To test this alternative, series of 3 words were visually presented to subjects in a relatively rapid succession in order to prevent any disengagement of attention. In one block, participants had to judge whether the meaning of the 1st word was related to that of the 3rd. Representations

activated by the 2nd word were thus inappropriate and had to be ignored. In another block, these representations were task appropriate as subjects were asked to decide whether the meaning of the 2nd word was related to that of the 3rd. The new technique of massive repetitions was used in order to obtain early peaking and short lasting N400 effects that would be easier Poziotinib in vitro to distinguish from effects on the contingent negative variations (CNVs) triggered by the expectancy of 3rd words. The ERPs elicited by 2nd words were more negative in the N400 time window when their meanings were task inappropriate than when these meanings had to be used. These differences were maximal at the latency of the peak of the N400 deflection rather than at the latency of the maximum of the late positive complex or at that of the CNV. They appeared to be greater at centro-parietal sites and slightly larger over the right than over the left hemiscalp. The results thus bring further support to the idea that N400 processes are of an inhibitory nature. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“YcbL has been annotated as either a metallo-beta-lactamase or glyoxalase II (GLX2), both members of the zinc metallohydrolase superfamily, that contains many enzymes with a diverse range of activities.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Steroid hormone

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Steroid hormone actions in the CNS: the role of BDNF. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The high yield expression of BLT1, a G-protein coupled receptor E7080 for leukotriene 134, was established in Pichia pastoris for structural studies. Guinea pig BLT1 was expressed in a functional form without post-translational modifications for the rapid purification and the crystallization.

Among the BLT1s from four species, only guinea pig BLT1 was successfully expressed with the comparable binding affinity to BLT1 of native guinea pig tissues for several ligands. Only Asn4 of the two putative N-glycosylation sites was glycosylated, and the mutation to Ala to avoid glycosylation did not affect the ligand binding affinity. However, the N-terminal region of the mutant was digested at the carboxyl ends of Arg3 and Arg8, as detected by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and Ser309 in the C-terminal region was partially phosphorylated, as identified in the micro-sequencing click here by Q-TOF-MS/MS. To avoid chemical heterogeneity, the N-terminal peptide (1-14) truncated and the C-terminal phosphorylation-site eliminated mutant was generated. The

binding affinity of the mutant’s membrane fraction for LTB4 was K-d = 6.6 nM and B-max = 50.0 pmol/mg membrane protein. The yield of purified mutant was approximately 0.3-0.4 mg many from 1 L culture, and the protein showed a single peak at molecular weight of 100 kDa in gel-filtration and no glycosylation or phosphorylation in MALDI-TOF MS. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The optimal operative management of giant paraesophageal hiatal hernias continues to evolve, with recent series reporting promising results with minimally invasive approaches. The laparoscopic repair of a giant paraesophageal hernia is one of the more challenging cases a minimally

invasive surgeon may perform. Our technical approach to this procedure involves a consistent emphasis on several key operative points: circumferential sac dissection with maintenance of crural integrity; extensive mediastinal esophageal dissection; crural closure with pledgeted sutures; wedge Collis gastroplasty for shortened esophagus; 3-stitch fundoplication incorporating esophageal tissue with each bite; additional sutures securing the top of the fundoplication to the crura; and biologic mesh buttressing. We believe that diligence paid toward these key steps permits laparoscopic giant paraesophageal hiatal hernia repair to be performed with similar outcomes as the open approach while avoiding the morbidity of thoracotomy or laparotomy.

These results indicate that not only infliximab, but etanercept m

These results indicate that not only infliximab, but etanercept might have direct actions on synovial cells in the deep lining layers of the synovium, leading to the discoid fibrosis thereof. Moreover, the data confirm that the deep lining or sublining layers of the synovium are the most important portions

that steer the disease process of RA synovitis.”
“Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disorder with several genetics factors involved. Calcitonin (CT) has been suggested to possess chondroprotective effects and could play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. The aim of this study was to investigate Blasticidin S purchase whether genetic variations in or adjacent to the CT gene may be associated with primary OA of the knee in Mexican mestizo population. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between six single nucleotide polymorphisms at the CT locus and OA of the knee in 107 cases and 106 controls. Cases were patients > 40 years of age, with a body mass index GSK1904529A in vivo (BMI) a parts per thousand currency sign27 and a radiologic score for OA of the knee a parts per thousand yen2. Controls were subjects > 40 years of age with a radiologic score < 2. Non-conditional logistic regression was developed to evaluate risk magnitude. The G allele and GT genotype frequencies of the G-706T polymorphism and the C allele and CC genotype of the C-778T polymorphism

were significantly higher in patients with OA than in control subjects. The GG genotype of the G-706T was associated with lower risk of the development of OA of the knee. According to the results, the G-706T and the C-778T polymorphisms were related to the Cdx1 and Mzf1 transcription factor binding sites, respectively. Therefore, these could be related to regulation sequences in the CT gene promoter. In conclusion, G-706T and C-778T polymorphisms in the CT gene are significantly

associated with the development of primary OA of the knee.”
“The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing acute and chronic neck pain as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). A systematic search of nine electronic databases was conducted to identify original articles. For study selection, two reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts, Ganetespib and full text for eligibility. Methodological quality was assessed using the Detsky scale. Data were analyzed using random-effects model in the presence of heterogeneity and fixed-effect model in its absence. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q statistic and quantifying I (2). Risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Eight randomized controlled trials involving 443 patients met the strict inclusion criteria. Inter-rater reliability for study selection was 92.8 % (95 % CIs 80.9-100 %) and for methodological quality assessment was 83.