94, 95% CIs [- 10.55, - 1.34] mm Hg, P = 0.01; DBP: – 3.35, 95% CIs [-6.52,

- 0.19] mm Hg, P = 0.04). In contrast, treatment with soy isoflavones did not lead to a significant reduction in blood pressure in normotensive subjects (6 trials; SBP: 0.29, 95% CIs [- 2.39, 2.97] mm Hg, P = 0.83; DBP: – 0.43, 95% CIs [- 1.66, 0.81] mm Hg, P = 0.50).

Conclusion: Soy isoflavones had an effect of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, but not in normotensive subjects. Larger trials need to be carried out to confirm the present findings. (C) 2010 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“Numerous evolutionary innovations were required to enable freshwater green algae to colonize terrestrial habitats and thereby initiate the evolution of land plants (embryophytes). These adaptations probably included changes in cell-wall composition and architecture that were to become click here essential for embryophyte development

and radiation. However, it is not known to what extent the polymers that are characteristic of embryophyte cell walls, including pectins, hemicelluloses, glycoproteins and lignin, evolved in response to the demands of the terrestrial environment or whether they pre-existed in their algal ancestors. Here we show that members of the advanced charophycean green algae (CGA), including the Charales, Coleochaetales and Zygnematales, but not basal CGA (Klebsormidiales Quizartinib mouse VE-821 cost and Chlorokybales), have cell walls that are comparable in several respects to the primary walls of embryophytes. Moreover, we provide both chemical and immunocytochemical evidence that selected Coleochaete species have cell walls that contain small amounts of lignin or lignin-like polymers derived from radical coupling of hydroxycinnamyl

alcohols. Thus, the ability to synthesize many of the components that characterize extant embryophyte walls evolved during divergence within CGA. Our study provides new insight into the evolutionary window during which the structurally complex walls of embryophytes originated, and the significance of the advanced CGA during these events.”
“Sinus lifting and reconstruction of localized alveolar defects are often required after closure of a large oroantral fistula (OAF) to allow for subsequent implant installation. This study describes a combined surgical technique that involves sinus lifting, bony closure, and reconstruction of the alveolar defect at the site of an OAF. The sinus membrane was reconstructed as a continuous layer by combining the residual sinus membrane with a rotated part of oral mucosa around the OAF. Autogenous bone from the chin and/or ramus was grafted into the prepared sinus space and alveolar defect, and the graft was covered by a buccal advancement flap. This technique was used to treat 8 patients who had large OAFs in the posterior maxillary region.

These agents delay gastric emptying and may beneficially affect satiety and are thus associated with weight reduction.

Conclusion: GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors facilitate GW3965 therapy intensification and achievement of established glycemic goals. They enhance postprandial and fasting glycemic control, and use may improve beta-cell function and possibly preserve beta-cell mass. GLP-1 receptor agonists may also have favorable effects on blood pressure. They may be introduced as adjuncts to ongoing therapy with conventional agents with a potential benefit of slowing the progression of type 2 diabetes.”
“Objectives: To (1) investigate the current distribution of PTB phenotypes; (2) identify factors

associated with spontaneous preterm labour (SPTL), PPROM, and indicated PTB; (3) investigate the relationship of gestational age (ga) with each PTB phenotype. Methods: Retrospective review of all live, singleton births 23(+0) to 36(+6) weeks ga at an obstetric referral centre 2004-2008. Results: A total of 4,522 PTBs were included (SPTL 31.7%, PPROM 27.4%, indicated 40.8%). PTB phenotype distribution differed between ga groups (<27 weeks: SPTL 45%, PPROM 32%, buy Z-IETD-FMK indicated 23%; 27-33 weeks: SPTL 30%, PPROM 32%, indicated 39%; 34-36 weeks: SPTL 32%, PPROM 24%, indicated 44%, p < 0.001).

Between 34-36 weeks’, demographic factors were significantly different between PTB phenotypes (age >= 35: SPTL 13.8%, PPROM 15.4%, indicated 21.6%; Caucasian ethnicity: SPTL 61.6%, PPROM 69.0%, indicated 70.2%; Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): SPTL 2.8%, PPROM 1.9%, indicated 9.3%; all p < 0.001). Between 27-33 weeks’ PTB phenotype was associated with smoking (SPTL 24.9%, PPROM 29.3%, indicated 20.2%; p = 0.002) and ART (SPTL 2.3%, PPROM 1.6%, indicated

5.0%; p = 0.002). Demographic factors were not associated with PTB phenotype at 23-26 weeks. Conclusions: The increase in PTB rates may be explained by Selleckchem EPZ6438 medical indications at late preterm gestations, primarily in older, Caucasian women requiring fertility assistance. Interventions to reduce the rate of PTB need to be targeted to this high-risk population.”
“Aim: The present study aimed at the development and characterisation of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble glyburide. Methods: The solubility of glyburide was determined in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants which were grouped into two different combinations to construct ternary phase diagrams. The formulations were evaluated for emulsification time, droplet size, zetapotential, electrical conductivity and stability of nanoemulsions.

Result: The optimised SNEDDS loading with 5 mg/g glyburide comprised 55% Cremophor((R)) RH 40, 15% propanediol and 30% Miglyol((R)) 812, which rapidly formed fine oil-in-water nanoemulsions with 46 +/- 4 nm particle size.

Secondary outcomes measures included time to first oral intake, time to first bowel movement, time to urinary catheter removal, length of stay, requirements for antiemetics

and additional sedation.

Total morphine requirements over the first 24 h were less in the Treatment Group than the Placebo Group (0.05 mg.kg(-1) vs 0.2 mg.kg(-1), P = 0.007); this was true for all patient groups except those patients weighing less than 6.3 kg. The number of patients requiring no morphine was greater in the Treatment Group (7/35 vs 1/37, P = 0.02). The Treatment Group also received less midazolam, lorazepam, and ketorolac than the Placebo Group over 72 h due to the GS1101 reduced clinical need for these agents in patients weighing less than 31 kg. There were no differences in secondary outcomes.

A continuous incisional infusion of LA reduced postoperative analgesic requirement and sedative use in pediatric patients undergoing a median sternotomy incision. Dosed at a maximum rate of 0.4 mg.kg(-1).h(-1),

a continuous incisional infusion of LA is effective and safe for up to 72 h, with plasma levels of local anesthetic well below the toxic threshold.”
“This study investigated the impact of women’s body mass index (BMI) on the outcome after consecutive IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in 487 patients initiating treatment with 5-year follow-up. The total number of cycles was 1417. In total 103 (21.1%) were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and 59 (12.1%) were obese (BMI >= 30 kg/m(2)). Number of initiated cycles/woman https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blz945.html (P = 0.01), number of cancelled cycles/woman (P < 0.01) and the total dose of gonadotrophin used/cycle (P < 0.01) rose with increasing BMI. A negative linear this website association between BMI and the number of retrieved oocytes (B = -0.243, P < 0.001) and an inverse U-shaped relationship between BMI and the number of developed embryos was seen, with less embryos available

among underweight and obese women (P = 0.03). The number with positive serum human chorionic gonadotrophin/cycle decreased significantly with increasing BMI (P < 0.01). The ongoing pregnancy rate/cycle among the obese women was lower (20.8% versus 28.3% in normal-weight women; P = 0.04). Live-birth rate per cycle was 15.2% versus 21.5%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the only independent predictors of live birth were women’s age (P = 0.037), women’s BMI (P = 0.034) and men’s age (P = 0.040). (C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly involving the skin and joints, mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-. In hepatitis C, continuous inflammation mediated by TNF- leads to liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. Hence, psoriasis and hepatitis C have pathophysiological factors in common.

All rights reserved.”
“Dogs enrolled in a Swedish insurance

company (during 19952006) were studied for development of pyometra and mammary tumours (MTs), with special attention to breed and age. There were over 260 000 female dogs with over 1 000 000 dog-years at risk (DYAR) in the database, using data on bitches up to 10 years of age and 110 breeds with over 1000 DYAR. In total, 20 423 bitches were diagnosed with pyometra and 11 758 with MTs and 30 131 with either or both of the two diseases. The incidence rate (IR) for pyometra was 199 (95% CI 196202), for MTs 112 (95% CI 110114) and for either or both of the two diseases 297 (95% CI 294301) dogs per 10 000 DYAR. The mean age of diagnosis pyometra was 7.0 years (SD +/- 2.2),

MTs 8.0 years (SD +/- 1.6). In all breeds, selleck chemicals llc the overall proportion of the bitches that developed disease by 10 years of age was for pyometra 19%, MTs 13%, and either or both of two diseases 30%. The top 10 breeds diagnosed with either or both of the two diseases were the Leonberger (73%), Irish Wolfhound (69%), Bernese Mountain Dog Selleck TH-302 (69%), Great Dane (68%), Staffordshire Bull Terrier (66%), Rottweiler (65%), Bullterrier (62%), Doberman (62%), Bouvier des Flandres (60%), Airdaleterrier (60%). These data provide information of the combined disease incidence in a large number of different breeds. Breed variations in incidence rate suggests genetic components in disease development. Our study may be valuable in the search for genetic risk-factors or protective factors.”
“OBJECTIVE: Infections cause considerable morbidity after liver transplantation (LT). Acute liver high throughput screening failure is a rapidly progressing life-threatening condition where pretransplant dental evaluation is not always possible. We investigated how missing pretransplant dental treatment in acute or subacute liver failure correlates with post-transplant infectious complications.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical and

dental data came from hospital records and infection data from the Finnish LT registry. The follow-up was until February 2011. Of 51 patients (LT during 2000-2006), 16 had and 35 did not have dental treatment pretransplant.

RESULTS: Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a 2.46-fold (95% CI 1.06-5.69) infection risk among the patients omitted from dental treatment. After adjustment for either pretransplant factors alone or both pre- and post-transplant factors, the corresponding infection risk increased, respectively, to 8.17-fold (95% CI 2.19-30.6) and 8.54-fold (95% CI 1.82-40.1). This increased risk involved a variety of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of various sources both < 6 and > 6 months after transplantation.

CONCLUSION: High risk of infections was noticed in acute liver failure patients without pretransplant dental treatment, but a more severe medical condition might have influenced the results. We encourage eradication of dental infection foci whenever clinical condition allows.

Speaking from the perspective of infectious MX69 research buy disease modelers addressing the broader TB research and control communities, we describe the basic structure common to most TB models and present a ‘wish list’ that would improve the evidence foundation upon which these models are built. As a comprehensive TB research agenda is formulated, we argue that the data needs of infectious disease models-our primary long-term decision-making tools-should figure prominently.”
“SETTING: Mycobacterium tuberculosis comprises four principal genetic lineages: one evolutionarily ancestral (Indo-Oceanic) and three modern. Whether response

to tuberculosis (TB) treatment differs among the lineages is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To examine www.selleckchem.com/products/tariquidar.html the association between M. tuberculosis lineage and time to sputum culture conversion in response to standard first-line drug therapy.

DESIGN: We conducted an exploratory retrospective cohort analysis of time to sputum culture conversion among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases reported in the United States from 2004 to 2007.

RESULTS: The analysis included 13 170 PTB cases with no documented resistance to first-line drugs who received a standard four-drug treatment

regimen. Among cases with baseline positive sputum smear results, relative to cases with Euro-American lineage, cases with Indo-Oceanic lineage had higher adjusted hazards of sputum culture conversion (aHR 1.32, 95% CI 1.20-1.45), whereas cases with East-African-Indian or East-Asian lineage did not differ (aHR 1.05, 95 % CI 0.88-1.25 and aHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.07, respectively). Among cases with baseline negative sputum smear results, time to sputum culture conversion did not differ by lineage.

CONCLUSION: Although these results are exploratory, they suggest that the eradication of viable bacteria may occur

sooner among cases with Indo-Oceanic lineage than among www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html those with one of the three modern lineages. Prospective studies of time to sputum culture conversion by lineage are required.”
“Plants deploy diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms to survive in stressful environments. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) abscisic acid-induced myb1 (SlAIM1) gene encoding an R2R3MYB transcription factor is induced by pathogens, plant hormones, salinity and oxidative stress, suggesting a function in pathogen and abiotic stress responses. Tomato SlAIM1 RNA interference (RNAi) plants with reduced SlAIM1 gene expression show an increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and increased sensitivity to salt and oxidative stress. Ectopic expression of SlAIM1 is sufficient for tolerance to high salinity and oxidative stress.

Subjects with CF had a higher %ucOC with low [45% (10%, 76%)] and medium [41% (3%, 66%)] supplement intakes but not with a high supplement intake [16% (4%, 72%)] compared with healthy subjects [23% (0%, 43%); both P < 0.05]. Supplementation

group for males and females and 25(OH)D and age for males were significant predictors of vitamin K status.

Conclusions: Vitamin K status was often suboptimal despite routine supplementation. Only subjects taking high-dose vitamin K achieved a status similar to healthy subjects, and only the vitamin K supplementation dose predicted vitamin K status for males and females. These data suggest that higher doses C59 research buy of vitamin K are required. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:660-7.”
“Nitrogen

plasma treatment was performed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO(2):F) front electrodes, and its impact on the performance of pin type amorphous Si (a-Si) solar cells was investigated. Nitrogen plasma treatment reverses the surface band bending of SnO(2):F from accumulation to depletion, thus in turn reversing the band bending of the p type amorphous silicon carbide (p-a-SiC) window layer. The reversal of band bending leads to the collection of carriers generated in p-a-SiC, and quantum efficiency in the short wavelength regime is thereby enhanced. On the other hand, surface depletion of SnO(2):F causes a reduction of the diode built-in voltage and increased series resistance, which could degrade the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF), the degradation of which is strongly affected by the deposition time of YH25448 price p-a-SiC. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3572262]“
“We have investigated the optical properties of poly [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] containing oxadiazole in backbone (MEH-OPPV) in dilute tetrahydrofuran solution and solid solution

films. There is a large dihedral angle between the two adjacent monomer units in MEH-OPPV, which restrains interchain interactions and destroys the conjugation of the polymer to result in blue shifted absorption and emission spectra. The red shifted photoluminescence (PL) peak is continuously changed in the solid solution films with increasing the concentration of MEH-OPPV. Comparison with the https://www.selleckchem.com/products/brigatinib-ap26113.html dilute solution, an obvious shoulder peak at 465 nm is found in the UV-vis absorption and PL excitation (PLE) spectra of the MEH-OPPV film. The intensity of the PLE shoulder at 465 nm is increased with the concentration of MEH-OPPV in the solid solution films, which is connected with the aggregation of the MEH-OPPV chains. The interchain interactions are restrained and the p-stack aggregates of the polymer chains can not form in the MEH-OPPV due to the large dihedral angle, and then the interchain species are effectively suppressed in the MEH-OPPV films. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We compare four approaches for the analysis of the toxicity data: no model, a simple DEB model without reserves and maturation (the Kooijman-Metz formulation), a more complex one with static INCB024360 molecular weight reserves and simplified maturation (as used in the DEBtox software) and a full-scale DEB model (DEB3) with explicit calculation of reserves and maturation. For the population

prediction, we compare two simple demographic approaches (discrete time matrix model and continuous time Euler-Lotka equation). In our case, the difference between DEB approaches and population models turned out to be small. However, differences between DEB models increased when extrapolating to more field-relevant conditions. The DEB3 model allows for a completely consistent assessment of toxic effects and therefore greater confidence in extrapolating, but poses greater demands on the available data.”
“Fourteen microsatellite markers were isolated from the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) using the FIASCO protocol (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences Anti-infection inhibitor containing repeats). Polymorphism was assessed in 30 individuals

from two localities of the western Mediterranean basin (N = 20 from Sardinia and N = 10 from Sicily); nine loci showed polymorphism with 2 to 19 alleles per locus (average: 8.9). Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.36 to 0.91, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.50 to 0.97 and from 0.47 to 0.93, respectively. Two loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found for only one locus pair.

These loci are the first to be characterized in A. foliacea and could be effective tools for the investigation of genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic connectivity, useful information for the management of this important commercial resource.”
“With a new structure of Ni/n-SiC/n(+)-SiC/Al, we have achieved a simultaneous observation of the dislocations in n-SiC epilayer and n(+)-SiC substrate by electron beam induced current (EBIC). The EBIC images were compared to the results of a depth-controlled wet etching in KOH+Na2O2. It has been found that each type of dislocations has its own signature in EBIC images in terms find more of the darkness, shape and orientation of the dark contrast. By changing the accelerating voltage of the electron beam, we can also observe the depth dependent presence of each type of dislocations and where and how the dislocation conversion happens. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3597784]“
“Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory offers a perspective on population ecology whose starting point is energy utilization by, and homeostasis within, individual organisms. It is natural to ask what it adds to the existing large body of individual-based ecological theory.

MethodsWe determined HZ incidence rates and actuarial estimates of time to first HZ episode in 314 HT recipients at our institution from 1995 to 2010. We developed Cox models to assess potential risk factors DNA Synthesis inhibitor for HZ in HT.

ResultsMedian age at HT was 54 (range, 17-71) years; 237 (76%) were male. There were 60 episodes of HZ in 51 patients, with an overall incidence rate of 31.6 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5-41.6)/1000 person-years. Although most cases occurred during the first post-HT year, cumulative HZ incidence was 0.078 at 1, 0.15 at 5, and 0.20 at 10years. Many patients had substantial HZ morbidity, including 14% with HZ ophthalmicus and 45% with post-herpetic

Anlotinib price neuralgia. Adjusting for age, gender, and acute cellular rejection episodes, exposure to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was an independent risk factor for HZ (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.18; 95% CI, 1.20-3.96; P=0.01), while ganciclovir-based cytomegalovirus prophylaxis

reduced HZ risk (adjusted HR 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.71; P=0.02). Although age and female gender increased HZ risk, the magnitude of their effect was not statistically significant in Cox models.

ConclusionsHZ is common and morbid after HT, particularly with MMF exposure. Ganciclovir prophylaxis is effective in reducing the short-term risk of HZ, but the steady incidence of cases for years post HT makes long-term HZ prevention challenging. Augmenting varicella zoster virus immunity post HT with vaccines warrants further exploration.”
“Background: ICF syndrome (standing for Immunodeficiency, Centromere instability and Facial anomalies syndrome) is a very rare autosomal recessive immune disorder caused by mutations of the gene de novo DNA-methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). However, in the literature similar clinical cases without such mutations are Selleckchem Sapanisertib reported, as well.

Results: We report on a family in which the unrelated spouses had two female siblings sharing similar phenotypic features resembling ICF-syndrome, i.e. congenital abnormalities, immunodeficiency,

developmental delay and high level of chromosomal instability, including high frequency of centromeric/pericentromeric rearrangements and breaks, chromosomal fragments despiralization or pulverization. However, mutations in DNMT3B could not be detected.

Conclusion: The discovery of a new so-called ‘chromatin disorder’ is suggested. Clinical, molecular genetic and cytogenetic characteristics are reported and compared to other ‘chromatin disorders’.”
“BackgroundThe burden of enterococcal infections has increased over the last decades with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) being a major health problem. Solid organ transplantation is considered as a risk factor. However, little is known about the relevance of enterococci in solid organ transplantation recipients in areas with a low VRE prevalence.

Health-related quality of life was assessed by the 36-item Short-form Health Survey (SF-36). Motor and non-motor variables

were derived from the Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale and other established scales.

Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that the non-motor symptoms strongest associated with reduced SF-36 scores at diagnosis and three years later were depression, fatigue and sensory complaints. The motor symptoms Ro-3306 research buy most related to impaired SF-36 scores were problems with gait and activities of daily living that cover personal needs. The variance of SF-36 mental summary scores was much better explained by non-motor vs. motor symptoms, both at baseline (R-2 = 0.384 vs. 0.095) and 3 years later (R-2 = 0.441 vs. 0.195). Also SF-36 physical summary scores were better explained by non-motor vs. motor symptoms with R-2 = 0.372 vs. 0.322 at baseline and R-2 VX-809 research buy = 0.468 vs. 0.315 after 3 years.

Conclusion: In early PD, including the phase

before dopaminergic treatment is initiated, non-motor symptoms are more important for reduced health-related quality of life than motor symptoms. Fatigue, depression, sensory complaints and gait disturbances emerge as the most relevant symptoms and should be given corresponding attention in the management of patients with early PD. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common diagnosis for which antibiotics are prescribed in children. However, due to their widespread use, we are witnesses to increased development

of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the necessity of antibiotic treatment in patients with AOM. Our study included 314 children, MAPK inhibitor aged between 2 months and 6 years. Children were divided into two groups: the first group included children with less severe forms of AOM, who received symptomatic therapy and “”wait-and-see”" approach (237 children); the second group presented with purulent ear infection and received antibiotic treatment from the beginning (77 children). After symptomatic therapy, resolution of the disease, without use of any antibiotics, was established in 61% of patients, compared to the overall sample of children with AOM. None of the children developed complications that would require surgical treatment. In the second group of children, receiving antibiotics, almost the same therapeutic effects (80%) were achieved with the use of amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefixime, while the worst results were obtained after using azithromycin.

The wait-and-see approach is recommended in forms of AOM without serious signs and symptoms, because it significantly reduces the use of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cerebral fat embolism is an uncommon but serious complication of long-bone fracture.

“
“Background:

Macrovesicular steatosis of the liver is associated with early dysfunction or poor function of the graft after transplantation; however, it can be quantified accurately only through a liver biopsy that sometimes may not be available and whose result is anyway known when the recipient has already been selected. It would, therefore, be helpful to be able to predict the degree of steatosis, on the basis of non-invasive readily available variables.

Methods:

Data from 374 deceased liver donors from whom a liver biopsy had been taken were analyzed with the receiver operating

characteristic area [area under the curve (AUC)] to identify variables that could predict the degree of macrovesicular steatosis classified as: absent to mild (0-30%) and moderate to severe (> 30%).

Results:

Steatosis was associated significantly with donor age, OSI-744 datasheet increased body mass index (BMI), presence of type II diabetes, ultrasonographic

selleck compound features, heavy alcohol consumption, transaminases [aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT)], gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, and glucose blood levels. The combination of BMI, elevation of ALT, presence of type II diabetes, history of heavy alcohol consumption, and ultrasonography signs of steatosis could identify steatosis > 30% accurately with an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI = 0.81-0.91).

Conclusion:

Fatty infiltration in liver donors can be estimated based on clinical and biochemical parameters.”
“The effect of cellulose-derivatives and emulsifiers on the creep-recovery behaviour of gluten-free dough prepared from gelatinised cassava

starch and sorghum was studied. Cellulose treated doughs, except the treatment with 2.4% w/w fwb CMC, had lower resistances to deformation (range 10-33%) than emulsifier-treated doughs (range EGFR inhibitor 3-13%). The higher elastic recovery of emulsifier-treated doughs corresponded to lower compliances and higher zero shear viscosities than for Boughs treated with cellulose-derivatives. Addition of egg white powder (6.7% w/w fwb) eliminated several textural defects associated with gluten-free bread. Cellulose-derivatives did not decrease crumb firmness or staling rate when compared to the control. Though increasing emulsifier concentration (from 0.4% to 2.4% w/w fwb) decreased crumb firmness, crumbs treated with 2.4% w/w fwb emulsifiers, except diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, were weak and difficult to handle after slicing. Nevertheless, all gluten-free breads treated with 2.4% w/w fwb emulsifiers staled at a slower rate than the control. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.